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Article published In: Functions of Language
Vol. 25:2 (2018) ► pp.229–258

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A stepwise method for annotating appraisal

 | University of Birmingham
Published online: 19 October 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.15016.fuo
Abstract
Despite a growing awareness of methodological issues, the literature on appraisal has not so far provided adequate answers to some of the key challenges involved in reliably identifying and classifying evaluative language expressions. This article presents a stepwise method for the manual annotation of appraisal in text that is designed to optimize reliability, replicability and transparency. The procedure consists of seven steps, from the creation of a context-specific annotation manual to the statistical analysis of the quantitative data derived from the manually-performed annotations. By presenting this method, the article pursues the twofold purpose of (i) providing a practical tool that can facilitate more reliable, replicable and transparent analyses, and (ii) fostering a discussion of the best practices that should be observed when manually annotating appraisal.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Challenges in annotating appraisal
    • 2.1Challenges in identifying appraisal
    • 2.2Challenges in classifying appraisal
    • 2.3Reliability, replicability, transparency
  • 3.The stepwise annotation method
    • 3.1General principles
      • Principle 1.All choices should be accounted for
      • Principle 2.The annotation guidelines should be tested and refined until maximum reliability is achieved
      • Principle 3.Reliability should always be assessed, and reliability scores reported and discussed
    • 3.2An outline of the steps
      • 3.2.1Step 1: Define the scope of the project
      • 3.2.2Step 2: Select and configure an annotation tool
      • 3.2.3Step 3: Draft a context-specific annotation manual
      • 3.2.4Step 4: Assess reliability
      • 3.2.5Step 5: Refine the annotation manual
      • 3.2.6Step 6: Annotate the corpus
      • 3.2.7Step 7: Analyze the results
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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