Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE)

Davies, Mark; Fuchs, Robert

doi:10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav

Article published In: English World-Wide
Vol. 36:1 (2015) ► pp.1–28

Get fulltext from our e-platform

Download PDF

Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE)

Mark Davies | Brigham Young University and Münster University

Robert Fuchs

Published online: 10 February 2015

https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav

In this paper, we provide an overview of the new GloWbE Corpus — the Corpus of Global Web-based English. GloWbE is based on 1.9 billion words in 1.8 million web pages from 20 different English-speaking countries. Approximately 60 percent of the corpus comes from informal blogs, and the rest from a wide range of other genres and text types. Because of its large size, its architecture and interface, the corpus can be used to examine many types of variation among dialects, which might not be possible with other corpora — including variation in lexis, morphology, (medium- and low-frequency) syntactic constructions, variation in meaning, as well as discourse and its relationship to culture.

Keywords: Englishes, English, world, global, corpus, dialects, varieties of English, corpora

References (30)

Auer, Anita. 2006. “Precept and Practice: The Influence of Prescriptivism on the English Subjunctive”. Linguistic Insights – Studies in Language and Communication 391: 33–53.

Baker, Paul. 2011. “Times May Change but We’ll Always Have Money: A Corpus Driven Examination of Vocabulary Change in Four Diachronic Corpora”. Journal of English Linguistics 391: 65–88.

Bauer, Laurie. 1993. Manual of Information to Accompany the Wellington Corpus of Written New Zealand English. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington.

Brinton, Laurel. 2009. The Development of ‘that said’. Paper Presented at American Association of Corpus Linguistics, University of Alberta.

Buchstaller, Isabelle. 2006. “Social Stereotypes, Personality Traits and Regional Perception Displaced: Attitudes towards the ‘New’ Quotatives in the U.K.”. Journal of Sociolinguistics 101: 362–381.

Chambers, Jack K. 1998. “Social Embedding of Changes in Progress”. Journal of English Linguistics 261: 5–36.

Collins, Peter. 2012. “Singular Agreement in There-Existentials: An Intervarietal Corpus-Based Study”. English World-Wide 331: 53–68.

Corpus of Global Web-based English. [URL].

D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2012. “The Diachrony of Quotation: Evidence from New Zealand English”. Language Variation and Change 241: 343–369.

Davies, Mark. 2009. “The 385 + Million Word Corpus of Contemporary American English (1990–2008 + ): Design, Architecture, and Linguistic Insights”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics. 141: 159–190.

. 2011. “The Corpus of Contemporary American English as the First Reliable Monitor Corpus of English”. Literary and Linguistic Computing 251: 447–465.

. 2012. “Expanding Horizons in Historical Linguistics with the 400 Million Word Corpus of Historical American English”. Corpora 71: 121–157.

Francis, W. Nelson. 1964. “A Standard Sample of Present-Day English for Use with Digital Computers. Report to the US Office of Education in Cooperative Research Project No. E-007”.

Goldberg, Adele. 1997. “Making One’s Way Through the Data”. In Masayoshi Shibatani and Sandra Thompson, eds. Grammatical Constructions: Their Form and Meaning. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 29–53.

Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. 1996. Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hommerberg, Charlotte, and Gunnel Tottie. 2007. “‘Try to’ or ‘try and’? Verb Complementation in British and American English”. ICAME Journal 311: 45–64.

Hundt, Marianne, Andrea Sand, and Rainer Siemund. 1998. Manual of Information to Accompany the Freiburg-LOB Corpus of British English (‘F-LOB’). Freiburg: Department of English. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.

Hundt, Marianne, Andrea Sand, and Paul Skandera. 1999. Manual of Information to Accompany the Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English (‘Frown’). Freiburg: Department of English. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.

Hundt, Marianne, Sebastian Hoffmann, and Joybrato Mukherjee. 2012. “The Hypothetical Subjunctive in South Asian Englishes: Local Developments in the Use of a Global Construction”. English World-Wide 331: 147–164.

Johansson, Stig. 1980. “The LOB Corpus of British English Texts: Presentation and Comments”. ALLC Journal 11: 25–36.

Kachru, Braj B. 1985. “Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle”. In Randolph Quirk and Henry Widdowson, eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11–30.

Kilgarriff, Adam et al. 2014. “The Sketch Engine: Ten Years On.” Lexicography 11: 1–30. [URL] (accessed August 20, 2014).

Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. 2009. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lindquist, Hans. 2009. Corpus Linguistics and the Description of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Louw, William. 1993. “Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies”. In Mona Baker, Gill Francis, Elena Tognini-Bonelli, eds. Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair.Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 157–176.

Peters, Pam. 1987. “Towards a Corpus of Australian English”. ICAME Journal 111: 27–38.

Rodríguez Louro, Celeste. 2013. “Quotatives Down Under: Be like in Cross-Generational Australian English Speech”. English World-Wide 341: 48–76.

Rudanko, Juhani. 2002. Complements and Constructions. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Shastri, S.V. 1988. “The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English and Work Done on Its Basis So Far.” ICAME Journal 121: 15–26.

Tagliamonte, Sali, and Alexandra D’Arcy. 2004. “‘He’s like, she’s like’: The Quotative System in Canadian Youth”. Journal of Sociolinguistics 81: 493–514.

Cited by (194)

Cited by 194 other publications

Order by:

Kühn, Ramona, Jelena Mitrović & Michael Granitzer

2026. Computational Approaches to the Detection of Lesser-Known Rhetorical Figures: A Systematic Survey and Research Challenges. ACM Computing Surveys 58:2 ► pp. 1 ff.

Abidoye, Mary Ifeoluwa & Hans‐Georg Wolf

2025. Verb patterning and acculturation in Nigerian English. World Englishes

Anderson, Jemima Asabea, Clement K. I. Appah & Rachel G. A. Thompson

2025. Borrowed Akan Discourse-Pragmatic Markers in Ghanaian English. Corpus-based Studies across Humanities

Ayoun, Dalila

2025. The Second Language Acquisition of English Tense, Aspect and Modality,

Basile, Carmelo Alessandro

2025. Modal better: A corpus‐based investigation in world Englishes. World Englishes 44:3 ► pp. 318 ff.

Basile, Carmelo Alessandro, Christophe Lenoble & Debra Ziegeler

2025. On the rise of be having to in English: a cognitive-functional account. English Language and Linguistics 29:3 ► pp. 547 ff.

Bolton, Kingsley

2025. World Englishes: Approaches and Models. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.

Cal Varela, Mario, Francisco Javier Fernández Polo & Ignacio M. Palacios Martínez

2025. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) and social media corpora. Research in Corpus Linguistics 13:1 ► pp. i ff.

Chromý, Jan, Markéta Ceháková & James Brand

2025. The HeCz corpus: A large, richly annotated reading corpus of newspaper headlines in Czech. Behavior Research Methods 57:12

Coats, Steven, Carmelo Alessandro Basile, Cameron Morin & Robert Fuchs

2025. The YouTube corpus of Singapore English podcasts. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 46:3 ► pp. 274 ff.

Collins, Peter & Adam Smith

2025. The double modal construction in English world wide. World Englishes

Cowie, Claire

2025. What Counts as Evidence for the Stabilisation of Dialect Features? Surveys of Indian English Past and Present. Journal of Sociolinguistics

Dunn, Jonathan & Sidney Wong

2025. Language Contact and Population Contact as Sources of Dialect Similarity. Languages 10:8 ► pp. 188 ff.

Finzel, Anna

2025. Cultural conceptualisations and the cultural model of fertility and infertility in Nigerian English. World Englishes

Fuchs, Robert, Xinyue Yao, Peter Collins & Adam Smith

2025. Non-standard morphosyntactic variation in L2 English varieties world-wide: a corpus-based study. Lingua 322 ► pp. 103948 ff.

Gnevsheva, Ksenia & Anita Szakay

2025. L2 speakers are more flexible than L1 speakers in second dialect acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism

Huang, Nick, Li Lin, Kunmei Han, Jia Wen Hing, Luwen Cao, Vincent Ooi & Zhiming Bao

2025. Treebanks and World Englishes. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 46:1 ► pp. 93 ff.

Kuzman, Taja & Nikola Ljubešić

2025. Automatic genre identification: a survey. Language Resources and Evaluation 59:1 ► pp. 537 ff.

Moreno-Ortiz, Antonio

2025. Corpus sense: A comprehensive tool for advanced text and discourse exploration. Applied Corpus Linguistics 5:3 ► pp. 100145 ff.

MURPHY, M. LYNNE

2025. Separated by a common im/politeness marker: please in American and British web-based English. English Language and Linguistics ► pp. 1 ff.

Neels, Jakob, Sven Leuckert & Arne Lohmann

2025. Grammaticalisation of habitual aspect in World Englishes: assessing trajectories, areal patterns and rates of change with synchronic corpora. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory

Oladipupo, Rotimi & Aderonke Akinola

2025. Omo, what are you waiting for? The discourse-pragmatic imports of omo in Nigerian multilingual online interactions. Journal of Pragmatics 237 ► pp. 4 ff.

P. Romasanta, Raquel

2025. A dialectological approach to complement variability in global web-based English. Research in Corpus Linguistics 13:1 ► pp. 197 ff.

Romasanta, Raquel P.

2021. Substrate Language Influence in Postcolonial Asian Englishes and the Role of Transfer in the Complementation System. English Studies 102:8 ► pp. 1151 ff.

ROMASANTA, RAQUEL P.

2022. Negation as a predictor of clausal complement choice in World Englishes. English Language and Linguistics 26:2 ► pp. 307 ff.

Romasanta, Raquel P.

2023. A morphosyntactic approach to language contact in African varieties of English. Studia Neophilologica 95:1 ► pp. 146 ff.

Romanova, Eugenia & Anna Oveshkova

2025. English Adjectival Predicates Taking Subjunctive Complements: What to Change in Curricula. Journal of Language and Education 11:1 ► pp. 101 ff.

Rüdiger, Sofia & Alex Baratta

2025. Transnational Korean Englishes,

Schoppa, Dominik Jan

2025. What the meta-illocutionary lexicon can tell us about speech act taxonomies. Journal of Pragmatics 237 ► pp. 30 ff.

Schweinberger, Martin & Kate Burridge

2025. Vulgarity in online discourse around the English-speaking world. Lingua 321 ► pp. 103946 ff.

van Rooy, Bertus

2025. Corpora of Englishes in the Outer Circle. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.

van Rooy, Bertus

2025. Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.

van Rooy, Bertus

2025. Corpora of Englishes in the Inner Circle. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.

Vartiainen, Turo, Marcus Callies & Aatu Liimatta

2025. The productivity of the Complex Modifier Construction in World Englishes. English Language and Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 389 ff.

Wang, Xuelin, Shuai Bin, Iris Chen & Yuxin Hao

2025. Beyond Commonalities: A Quantitative Perspective on Syntactic Features across Mandarin Chinese Varieties. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics ► pp. 1 ff.

Zhang, Yanyan & Ruoyan Cui

2025. Cultural conceptualisations of karma in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English. Lingua 325 ► pp. 104010 ff.

Anderson, Jemima Asabea, Ebenezer Agbaglo & Rachel G. A. Thompson

2024. Exploring Ghanaians’ Usage of ei, ehe, eh, and eish in Global Web-Based English Corpus. Corpus Pragmatics 8:2 ► pp. 131 ff.

Bernaisch, Tobias & Nina Funke

2024. Particle Placement in Hong Kong English: Independence from Great Britain as a Trigger of Structural Change?. Journal of English Linguistics 52:2 ► pp. 137 ff.

Bernaisch, Tobias & Sven Leuckert

2024. Short-term diachronic and variety-internal approaches to textual functionality in South Asian Englishes. In Crossing Boundaries through Corpora [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 119], ► pp. 192 ff.

Biermeier, Thomas

2024. Endonormative stabilization in Philippine English lexis. World Englishes 43:4 ► pp. 555 ff.

Hackert, Stephanie, Catherine Laliberté & Diana Wengler

2024. Past inflection around the world: A cross-variety analysis of New Englishes. Lingua 307 ► pp. 103776 ff.

Schlüter, Julia

2024. Do corpus data on World Englishes inspire tolerance of variation in ELT professionals?. In Crossing Boundaries through Corpora [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 119], ► pp. 217 ff.

Tan, Siew Imm

2024. Cultural Conceptualizations of Filiality in Singapore, Malaysian, Philippine, and Hong Kong Englishes. In The Handbook of Cultural Linguistics [Springer Handbooks in Languages and Linguistics, ], ► pp. 707 ff.

Wolf, Hans-Georg & Frank Polzenhagen

2024. Cultural Linguistics: Some Disciplinary and Terminological Considerations. In The Handbook of Cultural Linguistics [Springer Handbooks in Languages and Linguistics, ], ► pp. 109 ff.

Xie, Fang

2024. Politeness Variation: Politeness in Britain, Australia, and Hong Kong. Corpus Pragmatics 8:4 ► pp. 313 ff.

Zhang, Xu & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi

2024. Variation-Based Distance and Similarity Modeling. Register Studies 6:1 ► pp. 31 ff.

Biri, Ylva, Laura Hekanaho & Minna Palander-Collin

2023. First-Person Verbal Aggression in YouTube Comments. In Hate Speech in Social Media, ► pp. 107 ff.

Bohmann, Axel & Adesoji Babalola

2023. Verbal past inflection in Nigerian English. In New Englishes, New Methods [Varieties of English Around the World, G68], ► pp. 16 ff.

Castaño Castaño, Emilia

2023. What is in a word? An exploration of the metaphorical use of schizophrenia in general American English. Lingua 294 ► pp. 103596 ff.

Dubois, Tanguy

2023. The Complexity Principle and lexical complexity in the English and Dutch dative alternation. In Ditransitives in Germanic Languages [Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 7], ► pp. 325 ff.

Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong

2023. Broadening horizons in the diachronic and sociolinguistic study of Philippine English with the Twitter Corpus of Philippine Englishes (TCOPE). English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 44:3 ► pp. 403 ff.

GONZALES, WILKINSON DANIEL WONG

2024. When to (not) split the infinitive: factors governing patterns of syntactic variation in Twitter-style Philippine English. English Language and Linguistics 28:2 ► pp. 305 ff.

Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong

2025. From tweets to trends: analyzing sociolinguistic variation and change using the Twitter Corpus of English in Hong Kong (TCOEHK). Asian Englishes 27:1 ► pp. 1 ff.

KANWIT, MATTHEW & JUAN BERRÍOS

2023. Corpora, Cognition, and Usage‐Based Approaches. In The Handbook of Usage‐Based Linguistics, ► pp. 269 ff.

Keškić, Kader Baş

2023. Conceptualization of goat in West African Englishes. In Cultural Linguistics and Critical Discourse Studies [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 103], ► pp. 105 ff.

Kuzman, Taja, Igor Mozetič & Nikola Ljubešić

2023. Automatic Genre Identification for Robust Enrichment of Massive Text Collections: Investigation of Classification Methods in the Era of Large Language Models. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 5:3 ► pp. 1149 ff.

Liu, Yang, Melissa Xiaohui Qin, Long Wang & Chao Huang

2023. CCAE: A Corpus of Chinese-Based Asian Englishes. In Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 14303], ► pp. 614 ff.

Lorenz, David

2023. Could Be it’s Grammaticalization: Usage Patterns of the Epistemic Phrases (it) Could/Might Be. Journal of English Linguistics 51:2 ► pp. 133 ff.

Olatoye, Temitayo

2023. Irregular verb morphology in Nigerian English. World Englishes 42:4 ► pp. 642 ff.

Qin, Melissa Xiaohui

2023. Across 40 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Chinese English Scholarship (1980–2020). Sage Open 13:4

Qin, Melissa Xiaohui

2023. A corpus‐based approach to Chinese English lexis. World Englishes 42:2 ► pp. 308 ff.

Shakir, Muhammad

2023. Functions of code-switching in online registers of Pakistani English. In New Englishes, New Methods [Varieties of English Around the World, G68], ► pp. 42 ff.

SHAKIR, MUHAMMAD

2024. An exploratory investigation of functional variation in South Asian online Englishes. English Language and Linguistics 28:2 ► pp. 371 ff.

Shakir, Muhammad

2025. Modal verbs in South Asian Online Englishes: Exploring the use of must, (have) got to, have to and need to. World Englishes

Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt & Alexandra Engel

2023. A variationist perspective on the comparative complexity of four registers at the intersection of mode and formality. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 19:1 ► pp. 79 ff.

Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka & Jemima Asabea Anderson

2023. “You are quite funny paa!”: A corpus-based study of borrowed discourse-pragmatic features in Ghanaian English. Corpus Pragmatics 7:3 ► pp. 267 ff.

Vergaro, Carla

2023. Linguistic and pragmatic ways of committing oneself. Pragmatics & Cognition 30:1 ► pp. 120 ff.

Wilson, Guyanne

2023. British and American norms in the Trinidadian English lexicon. World Englishes 42:1 ► pp. 73 ff.

Wilson, Guyanne & Michael Westphal

2023. New Englishes new methods. In New Englishes, New Methods [Varieties of English Around the World, G68], ► pp. 1 ff.

Armando, Marjorie, Jonathan Grainger & Stephane Dufau

2022. Multi-LEX: A database of multi-word frequencies for French and English. Behavior Research Methods 55:8 ► pp. 4315 ff.

Buregeya, Alfred

2022. How real has the long-anticipated fast-growing influence of American English on Kenyan English been?. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 43:2 ► pp. 192 ff.

Buregeya, Alfred

2024. When the definite article is used for possessive determiners in Kenyan English. English Today 40:1 ► pp. 15 ff.

Collins, Peter Craig

2022. Comment markers in world Englishes. World Englishes 41:2 ► pp. 244 ff.

Engel, Alexandra, Jason Grafmiller, Laura Rosseel & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi

2022. Assessing the complexity of lectal competence: the register-specificity of the dative alternation aftergive. Cognitive Linguistics 33:4 ► pp. 727 ff.

Engel, Alexandra & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi

2022. Variable grammars are variable across registers: future temporal reference in English. Language Variation and Change 34:3 ► pp. 355 ff.

Gnevsheva, Ksenia, Anita Szakay & Sandra Jansen

2022. Lexical preference in second dialect acquisition in a second language. International Journal of Bilingualism 26:2 ► pp. 163 ff.

Ha, Hung Tan

2022. Lexical Profile of Newspapers Revisited: A Corpus-Based Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 13

Hackert, Stephanie & Diana Wengler

2022. Recent Grammatical Change in Postcolonial Englishes: A Real-time Study of Genitive Variation in Caribbean and Indian News Writing. Journal of English Linguistics 50:1 ► pp. 3 ff.

Kirk, John

2022. Irish English as a World English. Frontiers in Communication 7

Leuckert, Sven

2022. Review of Sadeghpour & Sharifian (2021): Cultural Linguistics and World Englishes. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 43:3 ► pp. 390 ff.

Leuckert, Sven

2025. Raquel P. Romasanta, Probabilistic variability in clausal verb complementation in World Englishes (Linguistic Insights 301). Bern: Peter Lang, 2023. Pp. xvi + 349. ISBN 9783034347020 . English Language and Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 418 ff.

Cehan, Nadina

2021. Frequency of Multiple Modals with Might on the Web. Romanian Journal of English Studies 18:1 ► pp. 1 ff.

Collins, Peter

2021. Cultural keywords in World Englishes: A GloWbE-based study. ICAME Journal 45:1 ► pp. 5 ff.

COLLINS, PETER

2022. Hypercorrection in English: an intervarietal corpus-based study. English Language and Linguistics 26:2 ► pp. 279 ff.

Collins, Peter

2023. Modals and Quasi-Modals in English World-Wide. Journal of English Linguistics 51:3 ► pp. 265 ff.

Davies, Mark

2021. The Coronavirus Corpus. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 26:4 ► pp. 583 ff.

Engel, Alexandra, Jason Grafmiller, Laura Rosseel, Benedikt Szmrecsanyi & Freek Van de Velde

2021. How register-specific is probabilistic grammatical knowledge?. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 51 ff.

Hundt, Marianne, Melanie Röthlisberger & Elena Seoane

2021. Predicting voice alternation across academic Englishes . Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 17:1 ► pp. 189 ff.

Isingoma, Bebwa

2021. Implicit Arguments in Ugandan English. English Studies at NBU 7:2 ► pp. 147 ff.

Knight, Dawn, Fernando Loizides, Steven Neale, Laurence Anthony & Irena Spasić

2021. Developing computational infrastructure for the CorCenCC corpus: The National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh. Language Resources and Evaluation 55:3 ► pp. 789 ff.

Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris, Laura Arman, Jennifer Needs & Mair Rees

2021. Design Frames. In Building a National Corpus, ► pp. 23 ff.

Li, Huayong

2021. Discovering varieties of English around the world using corpus-linguistic methods - Claudia Lange & Sven Leuckert, Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes: A Guide for Research. New York: Routledge, 2019. Pp. xv+220. eBook £15.99, ISBN: 9780429489433. English Today 37:3 ► pp. 188 ff.

Meylan, Stephan C. & Thomas L. Griffiths

2021. The Challenges of Large‐Scale, Web‐Based Language Datasets: Word Length and Predictability Revisited. Cognitive Science 45:6

Ooi, Vincent B. Y.

2021. Issues and prospects for incorporating English use in Japan into the dictionary. Asian Englishes 23:1 ► pp. 62 ff.

Polzenhagen, Frank

2021. Book Review: Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes. Journal of English Linguistics 49:4 ► pp. 483 ff.

Röthlisberger, Melanie

2021. Between context and community. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 111 ff.

Röthlisberger, Melanie

2023. Exploring variation in the dative alternation across World Englishes. In Ditransitives in Germanic Languages [Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 7], ► pp. 226 ff.

Unuabonah, Foluke O. & Rotimi O. Oladipupo

2021. Bilingual pragmatic markers in Nigerian English. World Englishes 40:3 ► pp. 390 ff.

Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka, Folajimi Oyebola & Ulrike Gut

2021. “Abeg na! we write so our comments can be posted!”. Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 31:3 ► pp. 455 ff.

Westphal, Michael

2021. Question tags across New Englishes. World Englishes

Westphal, Michael

2024. Eh Across Englishes: A Corpus-Pragmatic Analysis of the Corpus of Global Web-Based English. Corpus Pragmatics 8:1 ► pp. 53 ff.

Yuan, Zhiqian, Chaoyang Jin, Zhaojun Chen, Suresh Chandra Satapathy, Rashmi Agrawal & Vicente García Díaz

2021. Research on language analysis of English translation system based on fuzzy algorithm. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40:4 ► pp. 6039 ff.

Brunner, Thomas & Thomas Hoffmann

2020. Theway-construction in World Englishes*. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 41:1 ► pp. 1 ff.

FitzGerald, Sarah

2020. A corpus‐based method for identifying word class in an English lexified extended pidgin. World Englishes 39:2 ► pp. 348 ff.

Giomi, Riccardo

2020. Headedness and modification in Functional Discourse Grammar. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 5:1

Giomi, Riccardo

2021. The Place of Interpersonal Lexemes in Linguistic Theory, with Special Reference to Functional Discourse Grammar. Corpus Pragmatics 5:2 ► pp. 187 ff.

Kehoe, Andrew

2020. Web Corpora. In A Practical Handbook of Corpus Linguistics, ► pp. 329 ff.

Kranich, Svenja, Elisabeth Hampel & Hanna Bruns

2020. Changes in the modal domain in different varieties of English as potential effects of democratization. Language Sciences 79 ► pp. 101271 ff.

Leppänen, Sirpa & Saija Peuronen

2020. Multilingualism and the Internet. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff.

Meyer, Charles F. & Gerald Nelson

2020. Data Collection. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 81 ff.

Minkova, Donka & Robert Stockwell

2020. English Words. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 441 ff.

Mukherjee, Joybrato & Tobias Bernaisch

2020. Corpus Linguistics and Asian Englishes. In The Handbook of Asian Englishes, ► pp. 741 ff.

Park, Heewoong & Jonghun Park

2020. Assessment of Word-Level Neural Language Models for Sentence Completion. Applied Sciences 10:4 ► pp. 1340 ff.

Peters, Pam

2020. English Usage. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 615 ff.

Peters, Pam

2020. Cultural Keywords in Philippine English. In Dynamics of Language Changes, ► pp. 201 ff.

Schneider, Gerold, Marianne Hundt & Daniel Schreier

2020. Pluralized non-count nouns across Englishes: A corpus-linguistic approach to variety types. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 16:3 ► pp. 515 ff.

Skrynnikova, Inna V.

2020. Analogical reasoning in uncovering the meaning of digital-technology terms: the case of backdoor. Journal of Computer-Assisted Linguistic Research 4:1 ► pp. 23 ff.

Suárez‐Gómez, Cristina, Lucía Loureiro‐Porto & Robert Fuchs

2020. World Englishes and grammatical variation. World Englishes 39:3 ► pp. 370 ff.

Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt & Laura Rosseel

2020. English Corpus Linguistics. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 29 ff.

Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka

2020. “So you know ehn … ” The use of bilingual interjections in Nigerian English. Intercultural Pragmatics 17:2 ► pp. 151 ff.

Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka

2021. “Oya let’s go to Nigeria”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 26:3 ► pp. 370 ff.

Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka

2022. ‘Mehn! This wins the award’. English Today 38:3 ► pp. 143 ff.

Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka & Florence Oluwaseyi Daniel

2020. Haba! Bilingual interjections in Nigerian English: A corpus-based study. Journal of Pragmatics 163 ► pp. 66 ff.

Bohmann, Axel

2019. Variation in English Worldwide,

Dunn, Jonathan

2019. Global Syntactic Variation in Seven Languages: Toward a Computational Dialectology. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2

Fuchs, Robert, Bertus van Rooy & Ulrike Gut

2019. Corpus-based research on English in Africa. In Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 88], ► pp. 37 ff.

Isingoma, Bebwa & Christiane Meierkord

2019. Capturing the lexicon of Ugandan English. In Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 88], ► pp. 293 ff.

McCallum, Lee

2019. Assessing Second Language Proficiency Under ‘Unequal’ Perspectives: A Call for Research in the MENA Region. In English Language Teaching Research in the Middle East and North Africa, ► pp. 3 ff.

Pavlović, Vladan

2019. Massive corpora and models of cross‑cultural communication styles in Cognitive Linguitics. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17:1 ► pp. 29 ff.

Pavlović, Vladan

2021. Massive corpora and models of cross‑cultural communication styles in Cognitive Linguistics. In Corpus Approaches to Language, Thought and Communication [Benjamins Current Topics, 119], ► pp. 29 ff.

Schmied, Josef

2019. African corpora for standards in African academic English. In Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 88], ► pp. 355 ff.

Schmied, Josef

2021. Review of Buregeya (2019): Kenyan English. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 42:3 ► pp. 350 ff.

Schmied, Josef

2025. East Africa, English in. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.

Schmied, Josef

2025. Tanzanian English. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.

Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt, Jason Grafmiller & Laura Rosseel

2019. Variation-Based Distance and Similarity Modeling: A Case Study in World Englishes. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2

Nuria Yáñez-Bouza, Emma Moore, Linda van Bergen & Willem B. Hollmann

2019. Categories, Constructions, and Change in English Syntax,

Bednarek, Monika

2018. Language and Television Series,

Brato, Thorsten

2018. ‘Outdooring’ the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana. English Today 34:2 ► pp. 25 ff.

Brato, Thorsten

2019. The historical corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana). In Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 88], ► pp. 119 ff.

DAVID, OANA & TEENIE MATLOCK

2018. Cross-linguistic automated detection of metaphors for poverty and cancer. Language and Cognition 10:3 ► pp. 467 ff.

Gardner, Dee & Mark Davies

2018. Sorting them all out: Exploring the separable phrasal verbs of English. System 76 ► pp. 197 ff.

Gilquin, Gaëtanelle

2018. American and/or British influence on L2 Englishes – Does context tip the scale(s)?. In Modeling World Englishes [Varieties of English Around the World, G61], ► pp. 187 ff.

Grafmiller, Jason & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi

2018. Mapping out particle placement in Englishes around the world: A study in comparative sociolinguistic analysis. Language Variation and Change 30:3 ► pp. 385 ff.

Hoffmann, Sebastian

2018. I would like to request for your attention. In Changing Structures [Studies in Language Companion Series, 195], ► pp. 171 ff.

Hundt, Marianne

2018. It is time that this(should) be studiedacross a broader range of Englishes. In Modeling World Englishes [Varieties of English Around the World, G61], ► pp. 217 ff.

Hundt, Marianne

2019. Corpus-Based Approaches to World Englishes. In The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 506 ff.

Hundt, Marianne

2021. On models and modelling. World Englishes 40:3 ► pp. 298 ff.

Kirk, John & Gerald Nelson

2018. The International Corpus of English project: A progress report. World Englishes 37:4 ► pp. 697 ff.

Kopaczyk, Joanna & Jukka Tyrkkö

2018. Blogging around the world. In Applications of Pattern-driven Methods in Corpus Linguistics [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 82], ► pp. 277 ff.

Martínez-Vázquez, Montserrat

2018. I’m loving it! A Corpus-Based Study of the Progress of love. Journal of English Linguistics 46:2 ► pp. 140 ff.

Oveshkova, A. N.

2018. WORK WITH ENGLISH CORPORA AS A MEANS OF PROMOTING LEARNER AUTONOMY. The Education and science journal 20:8 ► pp. 66 ff.

Park, Heewoong, Sukhyun Cho & Jonghun Park

2018. 2018 IEEE 5th International Congress on Information Science and Technology (CiSt), ► pp. 183 ff.

Rautionaho, Paula & Sandra C. Deshors

2018. Progressive or not progressive?. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 4:2 ► pp. 225 ff.

Rautionaho, Paula & Sandra C. Deshors

2020. Progressive or not progressive?. In Tense and Aspect in Second Language Acquisition and Learner Corpus Research [Benjamins Current Topics, 108], ► pp. 83 ff.

Schneider, Edgar W.

2018. The interface between cultures and corpora: Tracing reflections and manifestations. ICAME Journal 42:1 ► pp. 97 ff.

Schneider, Edgar W.

2022. Parameters of epicentral status. World Englishes 41:3 ► pp. 462 ff.

Schneider, Edgar W.

2025. English World‐Wide (Journal) . In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.

Shakir, Muhammad & Dagmar Deuber

2018. A multidimensional study of interactive registers in Pakistani and US English. World Englishes 37:4 ► pp. 607 ff.

Shakir, Muhammad & Dagmar Deuber

2019. A Multidimensional Analysis of Pakistani and U.S. English blogs and columns. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 40:1 ► pp. 1 ff.

Shakir, Muhammad & Dagmar Deuber

2023. Compiling a corpus of South Asian online Englishes: A report, some reflections and a pilot study. ICAME Journal 47:1 ► pp. 119 ff.

Shakir, Muhammad & Dagmar Deuber

2024. Code-switching in South Asian English CMC. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 45:3 ► pp. 311 ff.

Xing, Frank Z., Danyuan Ho, Diyana Hamzah & Erik Cambria

2018. Classifying World Englishes from a Lexical Perspective: A Corpus-Based Approach. In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10761], ► pp. 564 ff.

Callies, Marcus

2017. ‘Idioms in the making’ and variation in conceptual metaphor. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 4:1 ► pp. 63 ff.

Callies, Marcus

2018. Patterns of direct transitivization and differences between British and American English. In Changing Structures [Studies in Language Companion Series, 195], ► pp. 151 ff.

Callies, Marcus

2023. Errors and Innovations in L2 Varieties of English: Towards Resolving a Contradictory Practice. In Contradiction Studies – Exploring the Field [Contradiction Studies, ], ► pp. 201 ff.

Callies, Marcus & Alexander Onysko

2017. Metaphor variation in Englishes around the world. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 4:1 ► pp. 1 ff.

Eddington, David

2017. Dialectal variation in Spanish diminutives: A performance model. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 10:1 ► pp. 39 ff.

Güldenring, Barbara Ann

2017. Emotion metaphors in new Englishes. Cognitive Linguistic Studies 4:1 ► pp. 82 ff.

Hampton, Andrew J. & Valerie L. Shalin

2017. Sentinels of Breach: Lexical Choice as a Measure of Urgency in Social Media. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59:4 ► pp. 505 ff.

Heller, Benedikt, Tobias Bernaisch & Stefan Th. Gries

2017. Empirical perspectives on two potential epicenters: The genitive alternation in Asian Englishes. ICAME Journal 41:1 ► pp. 111 ff.

Heller, Benedikt, Benedikt Szmrecsanyi & Jason Grafmiller

2017. Stability and Fluidity in Syntactic Variation World-Wide. Journal of English Linguistics 45:1 ► pp. 3 ff.

KOSKELA, ANU

2017. Coatsandbrasandjeans– andclothes, too: lexical contrast between hyperonyms and hyponyms. English Language and Linguistics 21:3 ► pp. 475 ff.

LOUREIRO‐PORTO, LUCÍA

2017. ICE vs GloWbE: Big data and corpus compilation. World Englishes 36:3 ► pp. 448 ff.

Molek-Kozakowska, Katarzyna & Sabina Pogorzelska

2017. Changing Perceptions of Multiculturalism in the British Public Sphere. In Multiculturalism, Multilingualism and the Self [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 3 ff.

NELSON, GERALD

2017. The ICE project and world Englishes. World Englishes 36:3 ► pp. 367 ff.

Nelson, Gerald

2019. World Englishes and Corpora Studies. In The Handbook of World Englishes, ► pp. 523 ff.

Schmidtke, Daniel & Victor Kuperman

2017. Mass counts in World Englishes: A corpus linguistic study of noun countability in non-native varieties of English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 13:1

Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt

2017. Variationist sociolinguistics and corpus-based variationist linguistics: overlap and cross-pollination potential. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62:4 ► pp. 685 ff.

Wagner, Susanne

2017. Totally new and pretty awesome : Amplifier–adjective bigrams in GloWbE. Lingua 200 ► pp. 63 ff.

Wagner, Susanne

2019. Whyvery goodin India might bepretty goodin North America. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24:4 ► pp. 445 ff.

WERNER, VALENTIN & ROBERT FUCHS

2017. The present perfect in Nigerian English. English Language and Linguistics 21:1 ► pp. 129 ff.

Wong, May

2017. Linguistic Variation in Digital Discourse: The Case of Blogs. In Hong Kong English, ► pp. 131 ff.

Wong, May

2017. Hong Kong English: An Overview. In Hong Kong English, ► pp. 1 ff.

Deshors, Sandra C., Sandra Götz & Samantha Laporte

2016. Linguistic innovations in EFL and ESL. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2:2 ► pp. 131 ff.

Evans, Stephen

2016. Introduction: Exploring the Diffusion and Diversification of English. In The English Language in Hong Kong, ► pp. 1 ff.

Fuchs, Robert

2016. Introduction: Why a Study on the Speech Rhythm of Indian English and British English Is Necessary. In Speech Rhythm in Varieties of English [Prosody, Phonology and Phonetics, ], ► pp. 1 ff.

Fuchs, Robert

2020. The progressive in 19th and 20th century settler and indigenous Indian English. World Englishes 39:3 ► pp. 394 ff.

Horch, Stephanie

2016. Innovative conversions in South-East Asian Englishes. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2:2 ► pp. 278 ff.

Schneider, Gerold & Gaëtanelle Gilquin

2016. Detecting innovations in a parsed corpus of learner English. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2:2 ► pp. 177 ff.

Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt, Jason Grafmiller, Benedikt Heller & Melanie Röthlisberger

2016. Around the world in three alternations. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 37:2 ► pp. 109 ff.

Biber, Douglas, Jesse Egbert & Mark Davies

2015. Exploring the composition of the searchable web: a corpus-based taxonomy of web registers. Corpora 10:1 ► pp. 11 ff.

[no author supplied]

2020. World Englishes on the Web [Varieties of English Around the World, G63],

[no author supplied]

2021. Corpora, Constructions, New Englishes [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 100],

[no author supplied]

2022. List of Example Stand-alone Corpus Description Articles. In Designing and Evaluating Language Corpora, ► pp. 224 ff.

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.