This paper provides a detailed description of the pronunciation of English by fifteen fourth-year undergraduates at the Hong Kong Institute of Education. First, the occurrence of American features of pronunciation is considered. Then there is an analysis of the pronunciation of initial TH, initial and final consonant clusters, L-vocalisation, conflation between initial [n] and [l], monophthong vowels, the vowels in FACE and GOAT, vowel reduction, rhythm and sentence stress. Finally, the status of Hong Kong English is considered, particularly the extent of its continuing alignment with an exonormative standard.
2025. Phonological Analysis and World Englishes. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff.
Latić, Denisa
2025. A Cultural-Linguistic Perspective on English Language Teaching Textbooks Used in Germany. In Cultural Linguistics and ELT Curriculum [Cultural Linguistics, ], ► pp. 91 ff.
Tsang, Alfred, Tong King Lee & Wei Li
2025. The Kongish phenomenon: User perception and language identity. English Today► pp. 1 ff.
Cao, Grace Wenling
2024. Phonetic Dissimilarity and L2 Category Formation in L2 Accommodation. Language and Speech 67:2 ► pp. 301 ff.
Chen, Xiaoxin
2024. An analysis of phenomena of consonant substitution and strategies for development for Cantonese EFL elementary learners: A case study. Forum for Linguistic Studies 6:2
Johnson, Khia A. & Molly Babel
2024. Language Contact Within the Speaker: Phonetic Variation and Crosslinguistic Influence. Language and Speech 67:2 ► pp. 401 ff.
Salbrina, Sharbawi, David Deterding & Mohamad Nur Raihan
2024. Pronunciation. In Brunei English [Multilingual Education, 48], ► pp. 33 ff.
Salbrina, Sharbawi, David Deterding & Mohamad Nur Raihan
2024. Brunei English in the World. In Brunei English [Multilingual Education, 48], ► pp. 191 ff.
Yang, Jie & Maria Resendiz
2024. Assessing Speech Production in Mandarin–English Bilingual Children: Comparison of Mandarin and English Sound Systems and Special Considerations. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 9:3 ► pp. 715 ff.
Albrecht, Sven
2023. Current research on the linguistic features of Chinese English. World Englishes 42:3 ► pp. 487 ff.
2023. Innovative Research on English Phonetic Education for Township Pupils in Guangxi. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Humanities, Wisdom Education and Service Management (HWESM 2023) [Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 760], ► pp. 159 ff.
Wang, Qian
2023. An instrumental investigation of the vowel inventory of China English. Asian Englishes 25:1 ► pp. 111 ff.
Chen, Hsueh Chu & Jing Xuan Tian
2022. Developing and evaluating a flipped corpus-aided English pronunciation teaching approach for pre-service teachers in Hong Kong. Interactive Learning Environments 30:10 ► pp. 1918 ff.
Yeldham, Michael & Vincent Choy
2022. The effectiveness of direct articulatory–abdominal pronunciation instruction for English learners in Hong Kong. Language, Culture and Curriculum 35:2 ► pp. 184 ff.
Chan, Ka Long Roy & Nok Chin Lydia Chan
2021. Segmental Features of Hong Kong English: A Contrastive Approach Study. Journal of Universal Language 22:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Hundt, Marianne, Melanie Röthlisberger & Elena Seoane
2021. Predicting voice alternation across academic Englishes
. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 17:1 ► pp. 189 ff.
Kan, Rachel T. Y.
2021. Phonological Production in Young Speakers of Cantonese as a Heritage Language. Language and Speech 64:1 ► pp. 73 ff.
Law, Wai Ling, Olga Dmitrieva & Alexander L. Francis
Wong, Simpson W. L., Jessica Dealey, Vina W. H. Leung & Peggy P. K. Mok
2021. Production of English connected speech processes: an assessment of Cantonese ESL learners’ difficulties obtaining native-like speech. The Language Learning Journal 49:5 ► pp. 581 ff.
2019. (r) we Americanised?. English Today 35:1 ► pp. 28 ff.
Ting, Shawnea Sum Pok & Janice Wing Sze Wong
2019. Factors affecting the acceptability of grammatical features of Hong Kong English. English Today 35:2 ► pp. 29 ff.
Wong, Janice Wing-Sze
2018. Struggling to Become Non-Hong-Kong-Like: The Necessity and Effectiveness of Training Hong Kong Youngsters’ Perception and Production of General American English Vowel Contrasts. In Cultural Conflict in Hong Kong, ► pp. 281 ff.
2017. Stakeholders’ perceptions of language variation, English language teaching and language use: the case of Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38:1 ► pp. 2 ff.
Chan, Jim Yee Him
2018. Attitudes and identities in learning English and Chinese as a lingua franca: a bilingual learners’ perspective. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39:9 ► pp. 759 ff.
Chan, Jim Yee Him
2018. Gender and attitudes towards English varieties: Implications for teaching English as a global language. System 76 ► pp. 62 ff.
Chan, Jim Yee Him
2022. The Evolution of Assessment in English Pronunciation: The Case of Hong Kong (1978-2018). Language Assessment Quarterly 19:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Chan, Jim Yee Him
2025. Towards a feature-based L2 pronunciation teaching approach: variations in Hong Kong English and ELF intelligibility. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 14:1-2 ► pp. 1 ff.
Li, David C. S.
2017. Challenges in Acquiring English for Academic Purposes (EAP). In Multilingual Hong Kong: Languages, Literacies and Identities [Multilingual Education, 19], ► pp. 109 ff.
Li, David C. S.
2017. Towards ‘Biliteracy and Trilingualism’ in Hong Kong (SAR): Problems, Dilemmas, and Stakeholders’ Views. In Multilingual Hong Kong: Languages, Literacies and Identities [Multilingual Education, 19], ► pp. 179 ff.
Sewell, Andrew & Jason Chan
2017. Hong Kong English, but not as we know it: Kongish and language in late modernity. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 27:3 ► pp. 596 ff.
Deterding, David & Nur Raihan Mohamad
2016. The role of vowel quality in ELF misunderstandings
. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 5:2 ► pp. 291 ff.
EDWARDS, JETTE G. HANSEN
2016. The deletion of /t, d/ in Hong Kong English. World Englishes 35:1 ► pp. 60 ff.
2015. Bilingual speaker identification: Chinese and English. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 22:1 ► pp. 57 ff.
Sung, Chit Cheung Matthew
2015. Hong Kong English: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Language and Linguistics Compass 9:6 ► pp. 256 ff.
SETTER, JANE, PEGGY MOK, EE LING LOW, DONGHUI ZUO & RAN AO
2014. Word juncture characteristics in world Englishes: A research report. World Englishes 33:2 ► pp. 278 ff.
CHAN, JIM Y. H.
2013. Contextual variation and Hong Kong English. World Englishes 32:1 ► pp. 54 ff.
Chan, Jim Y. H.
2014. Exposure to accents and pronunciation modelling: A case study of a secondary school inHongKong. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 24:3 ► pp. 390 ff.
CHAN, JIM Y. H.
2016. Contextualising a pedagogical model for English‐language education in Hong Kong. World Englishes 35:3 ► pp. 372 ff.
Chan, Jim Y. H.
2016. A Multi‐perspective Investigation of Attitudes Towards English Accents in Hong Kong: Implications for Pronunciation Teaching. TESOL Quarterly 50:2 ► pp. 285 ff.
Deterding, David & Salbrina Sharbawi
2013. Pronunciation. In Brunei English [Multilingual Education, 4], ► pp. 23 ff.
Deterding, David & Salbrina Sharbawi
2013. Brunei English in the World. In Brunei English [Multilingual Education, 4], ► pp. 117 ff.
Pan, Mingwei & David D. Qian
2013. Assessing Language Varieties. In The Companion to Language Assessment, ► pp. 265 ff.
Phoon, Hooi San, Anna Christina Abdullah & Margaret Maclagan
2013. The Consonant Realizations of Malay-, Chinese- and Indian-Influenced Malaysian English. Australian Journal of Linguistics 33:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
Zhang, Qi
2013. The attitudes of Hong Kong students towards Hong Kong English and Mandarin-accented English. English Today 29:2 ► pp. 9 ff.
Deterding, David
2012. Pronunciation in World Englishes. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Deterding, David
2017. The Pronunciation of English in Guangxi: Which Features Cause Misunderstandings?. In Researching Chinese English: the State of the Art [Multilingual Education, 22], ► pp. 17 ff.
Kautzsch, Alexander
2012. Transfer, Similarity or Lack of Awareness? Inconsistencies of German Learners in the Pronunciation of LOT, THOUGHT, STRUT, PALM and BATH. Research in Language 10:2 ► pp. 225 ff.
Leung, Alex Ho-Cheong
2012. Bad influence? – an investigation into the purported negative influence of foreign domestic helpers on children's second language English acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 33:2 ► pp. 133 ff.
CHAN, ALICE Y. W.
2011. The Perception of English Speech Sounds by Cantonese ESL Learners in Hong Kong. TESOL Quarterly 45:4 ► pp. 718 ff.
CHAN, ALICE Y. W.
2012. Cantonese English as a Second Language Learners’ Perceived Relations Between “Similar” L1 and L2 Speech Sounds: A Test of the Speech Learning Model. The Modern Language Journal 96:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Chan, Alice Y.W.
2010. Advanced Cantonese ESL learners' production of English speech sounds: Problems and strategies. System 38:2 ► pp. 316 ff.
Groves, Julie M.
2011. ‘Linguistic schizophrenia’ in Hong Kong. English Today 27:4 ► pp. 33 ff.
Kirkpatrick, Andy
2010. World Englishes. The Study of New Linguistic Varieties by Rajend Mesthrie and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes 29:1 ► pp. 138 ff.
Kirkpatrick, Andy
2014. Teaching English in Asia in Non-Anglo Cultural Contexts: Principles of the ‘Lingua Franca Approach’. In The Pedagogy of English as an International Language [English Language Education, 1], ► pp. 23 ff.
PILLAI, STEFANIE, ZURAIDAH MOHD. DON, GERALD KNOWLES & JENNIFER TANG
2010. Malaysian English: an instrumental analysis of vowel contrasts. World Englishes 29:2 ► pp. 159 ff.
SEWELL, ANDREW
2010. Research methods and intelligibility studies. World Englishes 29:2 ► pp. 257 ff.
Sewell, Andrew
2013. Language Testing and International Intelligibility: A Hong Kong Case Study. Language Assessment Quarterly 10:4 ► pp. 423 ff.
Sewell, Andrew
2015. The intranational intelligibility of Hong Kong English accents. System 49 ► pp. 86 ff.
Sewell, Andrew
2021. Functional Load and the Teaching-Learning Relationship in L2 Pronunciation. Frontiers in Communication 6
Watt, Dominic, Carmen Llamas & Daniel Ezra Johnson
2010. Levels of Linguistic Accommodation across a National Border. Journal of English Linguistics 38:3 ► pp. 270 ff.
KIRKPATRICK, ANDY, DAVID DETERDING & JENNIE WONG
2008. The international intelligibility of Hong Kong English. World Englishes 27:3-4 ► pp. 359 ff.
SETTER, JANE
2008. Consonant clusters in Hong Kong English. World Englishes 27:3-4 ► pp. 502 ff.
[no author supplied]
2013. Reference Guide for Varieties of English. In A Dictionary of Varieties of English, ► pp. 363 ff.
[no author supplied]
2023. References. In Sounds of English Worldwide, ► pp. 354 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.
