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Article published In: English World-Wide
Vol. 39:3 (2018) ► pp.278–308

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You ain’t got principle, you ain’t got nothing

Verbal negation in Bahamian Creole

 | Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
 | Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Published online: 2 November 2018
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https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.00015.hac
Abstract
The present study investigates the system of verbal negation in Bahamian Creole and relates it to the respective systems of historically connected varieties in North America, i.e. contemporary as well as earlier varieties of African American Vernacular English and Gullah. Building on a corpus of roughly 98,000 words, the study provides a variable analysis of the all-purpose negator ain’t and its competitors and offers some remarks on invariant don’t, negative concord, and the preverbal past-tense negator never. It shows that in particular the syntactic and temporal distribution of ain’t, which have repeatedly been discussed in connection with the debate about the origins of African American Vernacular English, reveal striking similarities between Gullah and its immediate descendant Bahamian Creole, while confirming a more distant relationship with African American Vernacular English.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Bahamian Creole in its sociolinguistic context
  • 3.Negation in English: Forms, functions, and previous research
  • 4.Data and method
  • 5.Verbal negation in BahC: A descriptive and statistical analysis
    • 5.1 Ain’t as an all-purpose negator
      • 5.1.1 Ain’t as the negated form of be
      • 5.1.2 Ain’t as the negated form of have
      • 5.1.3 Ain’t as the negated form of do
    • 5.2Invariant don’t
    • 5.3Negative concord
    • 5.4The preverbal past-tense negator never
  • 6.Discussion and conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Author queries
  • References
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