Article published In: English World-Wide
Vol. 39:2 (2018) ► pp.214–242
Register variation in written contact varieties of English
A multidimensional analysis
Published online: 31 May 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.00011.kru
https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.00011.kru
Abstract
Previous research suggests there are register differences between native and non-native varieties of English, as well as translated English. This article reports on a multidimensional (MD) analysis of register variation in the published written registers of 16 varieties of English, and tests expectations for register variation in contact varieties evident from existing research. The study finds that the effects of variety and register are largely independent of each other, indicating that overall, registers pattern in similar ways across varieties. register is the strongest factor accounting for variance in the data, but variety also contributes significantly to variation. Non-native varieties before phase four in the Dynamic Model (Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ) and translations draw more extensively on markers of formality than non-native varieties at phase four and native varieties. Contact varieties display fewer involvement features than native varieties. Persuasive strategies and reported speech are variable across varieties, suggesting local stylistic and cultural differences.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Register and language-contact varieties
- 2.1Register analysis and translation
- 2.2Register analysis and written non-native varieties of English
- 2.3Synthesis: Register and written contact varieties
- 3.Method
- 3.1Corpora
- 3.2Analysis
- 4.Findings
- 4.1Dimensions extracted from the new factor analysis
- a.Dimension 1: Informality in written registers
- b.Dimension 2: Elaborated-involved versus integrated-informational presentation in written registers
- c.Dimension 3: Irrealis versus informational narration in written registers
- d.Dimension 4: Speech reporting or retelling in written registers
- 4.2Varieties and registers across dimensions
- 4.2.1Dimension 1: Informality in written registers
- 4.2.2Dimension 2: Elaborated-involved versus integrated-informational presentation in written registers
- 4.2.3Dimension 3: Irrealis versus informational narration in written registers
- 4.2.4Dimension 4: Speech reporting or retelling in written registers
- 4.1Dimensions extracted from the new factor analysis
- 5.Conclusions
- Notes
References
References (52)
Baker, Mona. 1993. “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies: Implications and Applications”. In Mona Baker, Gill Francis, and Elena Tognini-Bonelli, eds. Text and Technology: In Honour of John Sinclair. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 233–250.
Baker, Wendy, and William G. Eggington. 1999. “Bilingual Creativity, Multidimensional Analysis, and World Englishes”. World Englishes 181: 343–357.
Becher, Viktor, Juliane House, and Svenja Kranich. 2009. “Convergence and Divergence of Communicative Norms through Language Contact in Translation”. In Kurt Braunmüller, and Juliane House, eds. Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 125–151.
Biber, Douglas. 1986. “Spoken and Written Textual Dimensions in English: Resolving the Contradictory Findings”. Language 621: 384–414.
. 2014. “Using Multi-Dimensional Analysis to Explore Cross-Linguistic Universals of Register Variation”. Languages in Contrast 141: 7–34.
Biber, Douglas, and Jesse Egbert. 2016. “Register Variation on the Searchable Web: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis”. Journal of English Linguistics 441: 95–137.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Brezina, Vaclav. 2014. Statistics in Corpus Linguistics: Web Resource. <[URL]> (accessed May 18, 2016).
Burnham, Kenneth P., and David R. Anderson. 2004. “Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection”. Sociological Methods and Research 331: 261–304.
Cao, Yan, and Richard Xiao. 2013. “A Multi-Dimensional Contrastive Study of English Abstracts by Native and Non-Native Writers”. Corpora 81: 209–234.
Collins, Peter, and Xinyue Yao. 2013. “Colloquial Features in World Englishes”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 181: 479–505.
Delaere, Isabelle, and Gert de Sutter. 2013. “Applying a Multidimensional, Register-Sensitive Approach to Visualize Normalization in Translated and Non-Translated Dutch”. In Marie-Aude Lefer, and Svetlana Vogeleer, eds. Interference and Normalization in Genre-Controlled Multilingual Corpora. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 43–60.
Deshors, Sandra C. 2014. “A Case for a Unified Treatment of EFL and ESL: A Multifactorial Approach”. English World-Wide 351: 277–305.
Fox, John. 2003. “Effect Displays in R for Generalised Linear Models”. Journal of Statistical Software 81: 1–27. <[URL]> (accessed July 31, 2016).
Gaspari, Frederico, and Silvia Bernardini. 2010. “Comparing Non-Native and Translated Language: Monolingual Comparable Corpora with a Twist”. In Richard Xiao, ed. Using Corpora in Contrastive and Translation Studies. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 215–234.
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle. 2014. “At the Interface of Contact Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition Research: New Englishes and Learner Englishes Compared”. English World-Wide 351: 91–124.
Hansen-Schirra, Sylvia, Stella Neumann, and Erich Steiner. 2012. Cross-Linguistic Corpora for the Study of Translations: Insights from the Language Pair English-German. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Hundt, Marianne, and Joybrato Mukherjee. 2011. “Introduction: Bridging the Paradigm Gap”. In Joybrato Mukherjee, and Marianne Hundt, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1–5.
Kortmann, Bernd, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. 2009. “World Englishes between Simplification and Complexification”. In Thomas Hoffmann, and Lucia Siebers, eds. World Englishes – Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 265–286.
Kranich, Svenja, Viktor Becher, Steffen Höder, and Juliane House. 2011. Multilingual Discourse Production: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Kranich, Svenja, Juliane House, and Viktor Becher. 2012. “Changing Conventions in English-German Translations of Popular Scientific Texts”. In Kurt Braunmüller, and Christoph Gabriel, eds. Multilingual Individuals and Multilingual Societies. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 315–334.
Kruger, Haidee, and Bertus van Rooy. 2012. “Register and the Features of Translated Language”. Across Languages and Cultures 131: 33–65.
. 2016a. “Constrained Language: A Multidimensional Analysis of Translated English and a Non-Native Indigenised Variety of English”. English World-Wide 371: 26–57.
. 2016b. “Syntactic and Pragmatic Transfer Effects in Reported-Speech Constructions in three Contact Varieties of English Influenced by Afrikaans”. Language Sciences 561: 118–131.
. 2017. “Editorial Practice and the Progressive in Black South African English”. World Englishes 361: 20–41.
Laviosa, Sara. 2002. Corpus-Based Translation Studies: Theory, Findings, Applications. New York: Rodopi.
Lee, David Y. W. 2005. Modelling Variation in Spoken and Written Language: The Multi-Dimensional Approach Revisited. London: Routledge.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. 2009. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leitner, Gerhard. 1992. “English as a Pluricentric Language”. In Michael Clyne, ed. Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: de Gruyter, 179–237.
Neumann, Stella. 2012. “Applying Register Analysis to Varieties of English”. In Monika Fludernik, and Bejamin Kohlmann, eds. Proceedings of Anglistentag 2011. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 75–94.
. 2013. Contrastive Register Variation: A Quantitative Approach to the Comparison of English and German. Berlin: de Gruyter.
. 2014. “Cross-Linguistic Register Studies: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations”. Languages in Contrast 141: 35–57.
Nini, Andrea. 2014. Multidimensional Analysis Tagger 1.1 – Manual. <[URL]> (accessed July 31, 2016).
R Core Team. 2015. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. <[URL]> (accessed July 31, 2016).
Raftery, Adrian E. 1995. “Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research”. Sociological Methodology 251: 111–163.
Redelinghuys, Karien. 2016. “Levelling-Out and Register Variation in the Translations of Experienced and Inexperienced Translators: A Corpus-Based Study”. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics 451: 189–220.
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2012. “Exploring the Interface between World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition – And Implications for English as a Lingua Franca”. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 11: 57–91.
Sigley, Robert. 1997. “Text Categories and where you can Stick them: A Crude Formality Index”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21: 199–237.
. 2013. “Assessing Corpus Comparability Using a Formality Index: The Case of the Brown/LOB Clones”. In Shunji Yamazaki, and Robert Sigley, eds. Approaching Language Variation through Corpora. Bern: Peter Lang, 65–113.
Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja. 2002. “Translationese – A Myth or an Empirical Fact? A Study into the Linguistic Identifiability of Translated Language”. Target 141: 207–220.
Toury, Gideon. 2012. Descriptive Translation Studies – And beyond. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Van Rooy, Bertus. 2008. “A Multidimensional Analysis of Student Writing in Black South African English”. English World-Wide 291: 268–305.
Van Rooy, Bertus, Lize Terblanche, Christoph Haase, and Joseph Schmied. 2010. “Register Differentiation in East African English: A Multidimensional Study”. English World-Wide 311: 311–349.
Venables, William N., and Brian D. Ripley. 2002. Modern Applied Statistics with S. (4th ed.). New York: Springer.
Cited by (41)
Cited by 41 other publications
Chen, Jiaxin, Yao Yao & Dechao Li
Frenken, Florian, Stephanie Evert, Gerold Schneider & Stella Neumann
Fuchs, Robert
Huang, Yueyue, Hao Yin & Dechao Li
Li, Jia & Yuan Gao
Pang, Shuangzi & Kefei Wang
2025. What transcends “translation universals” across time?. Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation / Revista Internacional de Traducción 71:4 ► pp. 449 ff.
Peters, Pam
Polzenhagen, Frank
Shen, Lin & Haidee Kotze
Tan, Hua
van Rooy, Bertus
Alasmri, Ibrahim
Chou, Isabelle & Kanglong Liu
2024. Style in speech and narration of two English translations of Hongloumeng
. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 36:1 ► pp. 76 ff.
Ivaska, Ilmari, Silvia Bernardini & Adriano Ferraresi
2024. The complex case of constrained communication. In Constraints on Language Variation and Change in Complex Multilingual Contact Settings [Contact Language Library, 60], ► pp. 191 ff.
Kotze, Haidee & Bertus van Rooy
2024. Introduction. In Constraints on Language Variation and Change in Complex Multilingual Contact Settings [Contact Language Library, 60], ► pp. 1 ff.
Neumann, Stella, Elma Kerz & Arndt Heilmann
2024. Comparing contact effects in translation and second language writing. In Constraints on Language Variation and Change in Complex Multilingual Contact Settings [Contact Language Library, 60], ► pp. 223 ff.
SHAKIR, MUHAMMAD
van Rooy, Bertus & Haidee Kotze
2024. Conclusion. In Constraints on Language Variation and Change in Complex Multilingual Contact Settings [Contact Language Library, 60], ► pp. 255 ff.
Yao, Yao, Dechao Li, Yingqi Huang & Zhonggang Sang
Zhang, Yi & Ming Yue
2024. Case and agreement variation in contact. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 29:4 ► pp. 472 ff.
Kirsten, Johanita
Hu, Yukai, Wenjing Zhang & Yike Gao
Marko, Karoline, Margit Reitbauer & Georg Pickl
Xu, Cui & Dechao Li
2022. Exploring genre variation and simplification in interpreted language from comparable and intermodal
perspectives. Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 68:5 ► pp. 742 ff.
Xu, Cui & Dechao Li
2024. More spoken or more translated?. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 36:3 ► pp. 445 ff.
Botha, Werner, Bertus van Rooy & Susan Coetzee‐van Rooy
Collins, Peter, Minna Korhonen, Haidee Kotze, Adam Smith & Xinyue Yao
Neumann, Stella & Stefan Evert
2021. A register variation perspective on varieties of English. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 143 ff.
De Sutter, Gert & Marie-Aude Lefer
Ivaska, Ilmari & Silvia Bernardini
Kajzer-Wietrzny, Marta & Ilmari Ivaska
Kranich, Svenja, Elisabeth Hampel & Hanna Bruns
Loureiro-Porto, Lucía
Seoane, Elena & Cristina Suárez-Gómez
2020. Elaboration, compression and explicitness across sub-registers of popular and academic writing in Hong Kong English. Register Studies 2:2 ► pp. 275 ff.
Dunn, Jonathan
Hundt, Marianne
Kruger, Haidee, Bertus van Rooy & Adam Smith
Kruger, Haidee & Adam Smith
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 9 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
