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Article published In: The Evolution of Expletives: Theoretical and diachronic perspectives
Edited by Eric Fuß and Benjamin L. Sluckin
[Evolutionary Linguistic Theory 6:1/2] 2024
► pp. 94–121

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Locative-based expletives as situation proforms

Dutch er, German da and English there

 | Bielefeld University
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with Bielefeld University.

Published online: 6 March 2025
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https://doi.org/10.1075/elt.00055.har
Abstract
This paper addresses the question to what extent locative/situational proforms such as German da, Dutch er/daar and English there are to be considered expletives. It considers the main contexts of use for all three languages, their appearance as modifiers, in existential constructions and in other potential expletive positions, such as Spec,TP and Spec,CP, as well as the uses as correlates to clauses. The paper argues that all three locative-based proforms act as situation proforms, though they show differences in their syntax. English there is restricted to locative modifier uses and can only appear as situation proform in the existential constructions; German da appears in existential contexts, and it also has a situation proform use in modifier position. Dutch er has the broadest distribution ranging from existential to Spec,TP and — resulting from that — Spec,CP positions. Finally, Dutch er and German da occur as correlate with prepositional object clauses. The paper offers a comparative analysis in which the difference between those elements result from different base positions and other general differences between the languages.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Data: Locative proforms in German, Dutch and English
    • 2.1German da
    • 2.2Dutch er & daar
    • 2.3English there
    • 2.4Summary
  • 3.Proposal
    • 3.1The syntax of anaphoric da, er, daar, there
    • 3.2Da, er, there in existential contexts
    • 3.3Er as situation topic in Spec,TP
    • 3.4A note on Bayer and Suchsland (1997)
    • 3.5Cataphoric expletives
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
References (64)
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