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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 34:3 (2017) ► pp.331–367

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Phonetically conditioned sound change

Contact induced /u/-fronting in Zuberoan Basque

 | Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich
Published online: 19 October 2017
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https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.34.3.02egu
Abstract
All modern Basque dialects have at least 5 contrastive vowels /i, e, a, o, u/. One Basque dialect, Zuberoan, has developed a contrastive sixth vowel, the front rounded high vowel /y/. This development is arguably due to sustained contact with neighboring Gallo-Romance languages. This paper supports empirically the historical development of the /u/ vs. /y/ contrast and provides a detailed analysis of the contexts that inhibited the /u/ > /y/ sound change. Fronting was inhibited when the vowel was followed by an apical sibilant, a tap /ɾ/ or an rT cluster (where r is a rhotic, and T an alveolar obstruent), arguably due to coarticulatory effects. Fronting occurred when /s̻/, /r/ or non-coronal rhotic-obstruent clusters followed /u/. Zuberoan /u/-fronting illustrates the importance of language contact and phonetics in the phonological analysis of historical developments.
Résumé
Tous les dialectes basques actuels ont au moins cinq voyelles contrastives: /i, e, a, o, u/. Le souletin, un dialecte basque, a développé une sixième voyelle contrastive: la voyelle haute antérieure arrondie /y/. On peut soutenir que ce développement est dû au contact prolongé avec les langues gallo-romanes voisines. Cet article défend empiriquement le développement historique de la distinction entre /u/ et /y/ et propose une analyse détaillée des contextes qui ont empêché le changement de /u/ en /y/. L’antériorisation a été empêchée quand la voyelle était suivie par la sibilante apicale, la battue /ɾ/, ou le groupe consonantique rT (r une rhotique, T une occlusive alvéolaire), probablement en raison des effets co-articulatoires. L’antériorisation apparaît quand /s̻/, /r/ ou les groupes rhotique-occlusive non-coronale suivent /u/. Cette antériorisation de la voyelle /u/ démontre l’importance du contact entre langues et de la phonétique dans l’analyse phonologique des développements historiques.
Zusammenfassung
Alle modernen baskischen Dialekte besitzenhaben mindestens 5 kontrastive Vokale, /i, e, a, o, u/. Der baskische Dialekt Zuberoa (bzw. Suletinisch), ein baskischer Dialekt, hat mit dem hohen, gerundeten Vorderzungenvokal /y/ einen sechsten kontrastiven Vokal entwickelt. Dessen Diese EntstehungEntwicklung beruht vermutlich auf dem anhaltendenm Kontakt mit den benachbarten gallo-romanischen Sprachen. Dieser Artikel präsentiert empirische Belege für die historische Entwicklung des /u/- vs. /y/-Kontrasts des /u/ vs. /y/ Kontrasts und bietet eine detaillierte Analyse der Kontexte, die den Lautwandel /u/ > /y/ Lautwandel unterbunden haben. Frontierung wurde verhindertunterbunden, wenn der Vokal von einem apikalen Sibilanten, einem Tap-/ɾ/ Tap /ɾ/ oder einem rT-Cluster (r ist ein rhotischer, t ein r: ein Rhotic, T: ein alveolarer Obstruent) gefolgt wurde, vermutlich was wohl auf Koartikulation zurückzuführen istaufgrund von Koartikulation. Frontierung fand statt, wenn /s̻/, /r/ oder ein nicht-koronales rhotisches Rhotic-Obstruenten-Cluster auf /u/ folgte. Die /u/-Frontierung im Zuberoanischen zeigtillustriert, wie wichtig Sprachkontakt und Phonetik in der phonologischen Analyse historischer Entwicklungen sind.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Describing the u > y change
    • 2.1Previous descriptions of the sound change
    • 2.2A revised description based on the oldest Zuberoan texts
  • 3.Explaining the u > y sound change
    • 3.1Previous approaches to Basque /u/-fronting
    • 3.2The role of contact
    • 3.3The phonetic basis of inhibited fronting
  • 4.A revised Zuberoan chronology based on /u/-fronting in neighboring Romance languages
  • 5.Conclusions
  • Notes
  • List of abbreviations
  • References
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2023. A history of the Basque prosodic systems. Diachronica 40:1 ► pp. 30 ff. DOI logo
Egurtzegi, Ander
2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /h̃/ in Modern Zuberoan Basque. Linguistics 56:6 ► pp. 1353 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2023. References. In Sounds of English Worldwide, ► pp. 354 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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