Cover not available

Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 31:1 (2014) ► pp.106–141

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

Replica grammaticalisation as recapitulation

The other side of contact

 | Université Sorbonne-Nouvelle Paris III
Published online: 21 July 2014
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.31.1.04zie
The study of replica grammaticalisation in contact (Heine & Kuteva 2003, 2005) has not been without its critics (e.g. Matthews & Yip 2009, Gast & van der Auwera 2012) because of assumptions of a historical linguistic awareness of model language grammaticalisation routes. In Heine & Kuteva’s studies, the contact model language was usually understood to be a substrate or L1. The present study investigates a universal feature of New English dialects and proposes instead a replication of earlier diachronic stages in the lexifier attested up to 1000 years ago. Replication is assisted by the identification and exploitation of extant, lexical source meanings or earlier grammaticalisation stages co-existing with the grammaticalised item in the lexifier, in a situation of contact layering.
References (77)
Aijmer, Karen. 1985. The semantic development of will . In Jacek Fisiak (ed.), Historical semantics and historical word-formation, 11-21. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1981. Roots of language. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers Inc.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brisard, Frank., 1997. The English tense system as an epistemic category: The case of futurity. In Marjolijn Verspoor, Kee Dong Lee & Eve Sweetser (eds.), Lexical and syntactical constructions and the construction of meaning, 271-286. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan. 1994. The grammaticalisation of zero: Asymmetries in tense and aspect systems. In William Pagliuca (ed.), Perspectives on grammaticalization, 235-254. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan & William Pagliuca. 1987. The evolution of future meaning. In A.G. Ramat & G. Bernini (eds.), Papers from the Seventh International Conference on Historical Linguistics, 527-570. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan, Revere D. Perkins & William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carlson, Gregory. 2006. Generic reference. In Keith Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier (pre-print version). Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 1992. Des Îles, des hommes, des langues: Essais sur la creolisation linguistique et culturelle. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. 1985. Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Corne, Chris. 1995. A contact-induced and vernacularized language: How Melanesian is Tayo? In Philip Baker (ed.), From contact to creole and beyond, 121-148. London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dahl, Östen. 1995. The marking of the episodic/generic distinction in tense-aspect systems. In Gregory N. Carlson & Francis J. Pelletier (eds.), The generic book, 412-425. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deterding, David. 2003. Tenses and will/would in a corpus of Singapore English. In David Deterding, Adam Brown & Low Ee Ling (eds.), English in Singapore: Research on grammar, 31-38. Singapore: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar. 2009. Modal verb usage at the interface of English and a related creole: A corpus-based study of can/could and will/would in Trinidadian English. Journal of English Linguistics 381. 105-142. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas & David Wilkins. 2000. In the mind’s ear: The semantic extensions of perception verbs in Australian languages. Language 761. 546-592. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gast, Volker & Johan van der Auwera. 2012. What is “contact-induced grammaticalization”? Evidence from Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages. In Björn Wiemer, Bernhard Wälchli & Björn Hansen (eds.), Grammatical replication and borrowability in language contact, 381-426. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Givón, Talmy. 1994. Irrealis and the subjunctive. Studies in Language 181. 265-337. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harris, John. 1991. Conservatism versus substratal transfer in Irish English. In Peter Trudgill & Jack K. Chambers (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation, 191-212. New York: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 1992. Grammaticalization chains. Studies in Language 161. 335–368. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. On the role of context in grammaticalization. In Ilse Wischer & Gabriele Diewald (eds.), New reflections on grammaticalization, 83-101. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. On reflexive forms in creoles. Lingua 1151. 201-257. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva. 2002. World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003. On contact-induced grammaticalization. Studies in Language 271. 529-572. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Motoki Nomachi. 2011. On predicting contact-induced change: Evidence from Slavic languages. Journal of Historical Linguistics 11. 48-76. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Mechthild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in African languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
HDCET = Matti Rissanen, et al., 1984. The Helsinki Diachronic Corpus of English Texts (electronic version). Department of English, University of Helsinki.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ho, Mian Lian. 2003. Past tense marking in Singapore English. In David Deterding, Adam Brown & Low Ee Ling (eds.), English in Singapore: Research on grammar, 39-47. Singapore: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ho, Mian Lian & John. T. Platt. 1993. Dynamics of a contact continuum: Singaporean English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hoffman, Sebastian & Peter Tan. 2011. The Historical Corpus of Post-Colonial Englishes: Aims and first steps. Paper presented at the Helsinki Corpus Festival, University of Helsinki, 28 September - 2 October 2011.
Holm, John A. 1988. Pidgins and creoles, vol 1: Theory and structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticization. In Elizabeth Closs Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization, vol. 11, 17-35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. & Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 1993 [2003]. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joseph, Brian. 2006. How accommodating of change is grammaticalization? The case of “lateral shifts”. Logos and Language 4(2). 1-7.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011. Grammaticalization: A general critique. In Heiko Narrog & Bernd Heine (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 193-205. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Keesing, Roger M. 1991. Substrates, calquing and grammaticalization in Melanesian Pidgin. In Elizabeth Closs Traugott & Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization, vol. 11, 315-342. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kövecses, Zoltán & Günter Radden. 1998. Metonymy: Developing a cognitive linguistic view. Cognitive Linguistics 91. 37-77. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Some principles of linguistic methodology. Language in Society 1(1). 97-120. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Langacker, Ronald W. 1997. Generics and habituals. In Angeliki Athanasiadou & René Dirven (eds.), On conditionals again, 191-122. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Larreya, Paul. 1984. Le possible et le nécessaire. Modalités et auxiliaires modaux en anglais britannique. Paris: Nathan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 1995. Three levels of meaning. In Frank R. Palmer (ed.), Grammar and meaning: Essays in honor of Sir John Lyons, 90-115. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2000. Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1989. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2007. Mergers and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles. World Englishes 261. 446-473. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matthews, Stephen & Virginia Yip. 1994. Cantonese: A comprehensive reference grammar. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McDowell, J.P. 1991. Quasi-assertion. Journal of Semantics 81. 311-331. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. Creolization and grammaticization: What creolistics could contribute to research on grammaticization. In Philip Baker & Anand Syea (eds.), Changing meanings, changing functions, 5-28. London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1998. What research on creole genesis can contribute to historical linguistics. In Monika S. Schmid, Jennifer R. Austin & Dieter Stein (eds.), Historical linguistics 1997: Selected papers from the 13th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, 315-338. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008. Language evolution, contact, competition and change. London: Continuum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nau, Nicole. 1995. Möglichkeiten und Mechanismen kontaktbewegten Sprachwandels unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Finnischen. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nihilani, Paroo, Ni Yibin, Anne Pakir & Vincent Ooi. The ICE Corpus: The International Corpus of English, [URL]. (November 2010–March 2014.)
Platt, John T., Heidi Weber & Mian Lian Ho. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 1980. How does Doz disappear? In Richard R. Day (ed.), Issues in English creoles: Papers from the 1975 Hawaii conference, 77-96. Heidelberg: Groos. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 1999. The grammaticalization of the proximative in Tok Pisin. Language 751. 322-346. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2009. Typological diversity in New Englishes. English World-Wide 301. 170-195. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Singler, John Victor. 1990. The impact of decreolization upon T-M-A: Tenselessness, mood and aspect in Kru Pidgin English. In John Victor Singler (ed.), Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems, 203-230. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt & Bernd Kortmann. 2009. The morphosyntax of varieties of English worldwide: A quantitative perspective. Lingua 1191. 1643-1663. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Thorpe, Benjamin (ed.). 1889. The Anglo-Saxon poems of Beowulf. London: Reeves and Turner.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1989. On the rise of epistemic meanings in English. Language 651. 31–55. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1992. Syntax. In Richard Hogg (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. 11, 168-289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs & Richard Dasher. 2002. Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Warner, Anthony R. 1993. English auxiliaries. Structure and history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in contact. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wischer, Ilse. 2006. Will and shall as markers of modality and/or futurity in Middle English. Paper presented at the 14th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, University of Bergamo, Italy, 21-25 August.
Wong, Kwok-Shing. 2004. The acquisition of polysemous forms: The case of bei2 (“give”) in Cantonese. In Olga Fischer, Muriel Norde & Harry Perridon (eds.), Up and down the cline: The nature of gramaticalization (Typological Studies in Language 59), 325-343. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ziegeler, Debra. P. 2000. Hypothetical modality: Grammaticalisation in an L2 dialect (Studies in Language Companion Series 51). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ziegeler, Debra P. 2003. Redefining unidirectionality: Insights from demodalisation. Folia Linguistica Historica 241. 225-266.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2006. Omnitemporal will . Language Sciences 281. 76-119. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. On the interaction of past tense and potentiality in Singaporean Colloquial English. Language Sciences 341. 229-251. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (13)

Cited by 13 other publications

Coats, Steven, Carmelo Alessandro Basile, Cameron Morin & Robert Fuchs
2025. The YouTube corpus of Singapore English podcasts. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 46:3 ► pp. 274 ff. DOI logo
Basile, Carmelo Alessandro
2023. Necessity modal development in Singapore English. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 44:2 ► pp. 276 ff. DOI logo
Basile, Carmelo Alessandro
2025. Modal better: A corpus‐based investigation in world Englishes. World Englishes 44:3 ► pp. 318 ff. DOI logo
Morin, Cameron & Carmelo Alessandro Basile
2022. Elicitation and experimentation: implications for English sociolinguistics. Anglophonia 34 DOI logo
Lenoble, Christophe
2021. Stative progressives in Inner and Outer Circle varieties of English. World Englishes 40:3 ► pp. 318 ff. DOI logo
Loureiro-Porto, Lucía & Turo Hiltunen
2020. Democratization and Gender-neutrality in English(es). Journal of English Linguistics 48:3 ► pp. 215 ff. DOI logo
Loureiro-Porto, Lucía
2019. Grammaticalization of semi-modals of necessity in Asian Englishes. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 40:2 ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
Kuteva, Tania, Seongha Rhee, Debra Ziegeler & Jessica Sabban
2018. On sentence-final “what” in Singlish: Are you the Queen of England, or what?. Journal of Language Contact 11:1 ► pp. 32 ff. DOI logo
Leimgruber, Jakob
2018. Debra Ziegeler and Bao Zhiming, eds Negation and Contact: With Special Focus on Singapore English . English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 39:3 ► pp. 371 ff. DOI logo
Siemund, Peter
2018. Modeling World Englishes from a cross-linguistic perspective. In Modeling World Englishes [Varieties of English Around the World, G61], ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Bao, Zhiming & Luwen Cao
2017. Negative raising in Singapore English. In Negation and Contact [Studies in Language Companion Series, 183], ► pp. 151 ff. DOI logo
Kuteva, Tania
2017. Contact and Borrowing. In The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Syntax, ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Ziegeler, Debra & Zhiming Bao
2017. Introduction. In Negation and Contact [Studies in Language Companion Series, 183], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue