Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 42:1 (2025) ► pp.47–81
Tracing the development of the perfect alternation in Early Modern English
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Open Access publication of this article was funded through a Transformative Agreement with University of Zurich.
Published online: 30 January 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.23040.hun
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.23040.hun
Abstract
On the basis of just under 5,050 examples of perfect constructions, this paper traces the development of the
be:have perfect alternation in English between the 1620s and 1750s. For a core group of 18 verbs, the study
investigates the role that language-internal and language-external predictor variables played in the choice of auxiliary.
Multifactorial modelling reveals that language-internal factors such as modality, negation, clause-type and tense are among the
most important predictors favouring the choice of have as auxiliary; there is also some indication of diachronic, lexical
and idiosyncratic variation within Early Modern English. A close investigation of perfects that combine both auxiliaries
strengthens the view that ambiguity-avoidance did not play a major role in the loss of the be-perfect. The results of the
multifactorial model suggest greater independence of negation and counterfactuality as factors than previously claimed. The study
thus contributes a novel perspective on the demise of the be-perfect, with paradigmatic variability taking centre
stage.
Résumé
Sur la base d’un peu moins de 5050 parfaits, cet article retrace le développement entre les années
1620 et 1750 de l’alternance entre les auxiliaires BE et HAVE au parfait. Pour un groupe de 18 verbes, l’étude
examine le rôle que les variables prédictives linguistiques et non-linguistiques ont joué dans le choix de l’auxiliaire.
La modélisation multifactorielle révèle que des facteurs internes à la langue tels que la modalité, la négation, le type de
proposition et le temps comptent parmi les facteurs les plus pertinents favorisant le choix de HAVE comme auxiliaire. Il y a
également des indications indiquant la présence de variation diachronique, lexicale et idiosyncrasique dans l’anglais
moderne naissant. L’analyse approfondie des parfaits qui combinent les deux auxiliaires paraît confirmer qu’éviter
l’ambigüité n’a pas joué de rôle important dans la perte du parfait avec BE. Contrairement aux affirmations
antérieures, les résultats du modèle multifactoriel indiquent une plus grande indépendance de la négation et de la
contre-factualité en tant que facteurs explicatifs. L’étude apporte donc une nouvelle perspective sur la disparition du
parfait avec l’auxiliaire BE et souligne l’importance cruciale de la variabilité paradigmatique.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag zeichnet anhand von knapp 5050 Perfektformen die Entwicklung der BE:HAVE-Perfekt-Alternation
im Zeitraum von den 1620er- bis zu den 1750er-Jahren nach. Anhand von 18 Verben untersucht er, welche Rolle linguistische und
nicht-linguistische Variablen bei der Wahl des Hilfsverbs spielten. Die multifaktorielle Analyse zeigt, dass sprachinterne
Faktoren wie ‘Modalität’, ‘Negation’, ‘Satztyp’ und ‘Zeitform’ zu den wichtigsten Prädiktoren für die Wahl von HAVE als Hilfsverb
gehören; zudem gibt es einige Hinweise auf diachrone, lexikalische und idiosynkratische Variationen innerhalb des
Frühneuenglischen. Eine nähere Betrachtung von Perfektkonstruktionen, die beide Auxiliare kombinieren, unterstützt die These, dass
Ambiguitätsvermeidung beim Verlust des BE-Perfekts keine entscheidende Rolle gespielt hat. Die Ergebnisse der multifaktoriellen
Analyse deuten auf eine größere Unabhängigkeit der Faktoren ‘Negation’ und ‘Kontrafaktizität’ hin, als bislang angenommen. Die
Studie steuert somit eine neue Perspektive auf den Verlust des BE-Perfekts bei, vor allem hinsichtlich der Bedeutung
paradigmatischer Variabilität für den Verlust von Konstruktionen im Sprachwandel.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background and research aim
- 2.1The be:have perfect alternation in Early Modern English
- 2.2Aims of the study
- 3.Data and methodology
- 3.1The EMMA corpus
- 3.2Retrieving data on the be:have perfect alternation
- 3.3Statistical modelling
- 4.Results
- 4.1Summary statistics
- 4.2Modelling variation and change: A multivariate approach
- 4.3A close-up on have + been + past participle
- 5.Discussion
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
- Sources
- Electronic resources
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