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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 40:4 (2023) ► pp.492–531

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Linguistic mechanisms of colour term evolution

A diachronic investigation of “Russian browns” buryj and koričnevyj

ORCiD logo with link | Kazan Federal University
ORCiD logo with link | Kazan Federal University
ORCiD logo with link | Kazan Federal University
ORCiD logo with link | Higher School of Economics University
ORCiD logo with link | Liverpool Hope University
Published online: 27 November 2023
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.22013.boc
Abstract
We investigated diachrony of distributional semantics of two competing Russian colour terms (CTs) for ‘brown’, buryj (11th century) and koričnevyj (17th century), using the Russian subcorpus of Google Books Ngram. 2020. [URL]. Time-series analysis (1800–2019) of bigrams gauged each term’s frequencies of occurrence and changes in combinability with nouns for natural objects, artefacts, abstract concepts and figurative expressions. In frequency, koričnevyj overtook buryj in the 1920s, confirming its basic status in modern Russian. The perplexity index indicates that koričnevyj steadily increased the range of denoted objects, with artefacts being front runners in the buryj-to-koričnevyj transition. The results corroborate Rakhilina’s (Rakhilina, Ekaterina V. 2007a. Linguistic construal of colors: The case of Russian. In Robert E. MacLaury, Galina V. Paramei, and Don Dedrick (eds.), Anthropology of color: Interdisciplinary multilevel modeling, 363–377. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 2007b. O semantike prilagatel’nyx cveta [On semantics of colour adjectives]. In Aleksandr P. Vasilevich (ed.), Naimenovanija cveta v indoevropejskix jazykax: Sistemnyj i istoričeskij analiz [Colour terms in Indo-European languages: Systematic and historical analysis], 29–39. Moscow: KomKniga (in Russian).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 2008. Kognitivnyj analiz predmetnyx imen: semantika i sočetaemost’ [Cognitive analysis of object names: Semantics and combinability]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Russkie slovari (in Russian).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) hypothesis that an incipient CT initially collocates with nouns denoting artefacts but gradually expands to the realm of natural objects supplanting an old CT. Moreover, koričnevyj and buryj are discerned by denotations and connotations. The present findings provide insights into general mechanisms of the linguistic evolution of an emergent basic CT.
Résumé
A l’aide du sous-corpus russe (2020) de Google Books Ngram, nous avons étudié la diachronie de la sémantique distributionnelle de deux termes de couleur (TC) concurrents, significant ‘marron’, en langue russe: buryj (XIe siècle) et koričnevyj (XVIIe siècle). L’analyse de bigrammes en séries chronologiques (1800–2019) mesure les fréquences d’occurrence de chaque terme ainsi que les changements de combinabilité avec des noms d’objets naturels, d’artefacts, de concepts abstraits et d’expressions figuratives. Dans les années 1920, la fréquence de koričnevyj était supérieure à celle de buryj, confirmant son statut de TC de base en russe moderne. L’indice de perplexité indique que koričnevyj a régulièrement augmenté le nombre d’objets ainsi désignés, les artefacts étant les premiers dans la transition de buryj à koričnevyj. Les résultats confirment l’hypothèse de Rakhilina (Rakhilina, Ekaterina V. 2007a. Linguistic construal of colors: The case of Russian. In Robert E. MacLaury, Galina V. Paramei, and Don Dedrick (eds.), Anthropology of color: Interdisciplinary multilevel modeling, 363–377. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 2007b. O semantike prilagatel’nyx cveta [On semantics of colour adjectives]. In Aleksandr P. Vasilevich (ed.), Naimenovanija cveta v indoevropejskix jazykax: Sistemnyj i istoričeskij analiz [Colour terms in Indo-European languages: Systematic and historical analysis], 29–39. Moscow: KomKniga (in Russian).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 2008. Kognitivnyj analiz predmetnyx imen: semantika i sočetaemost’ [Cognitive analysis of object names: Semantics and combinability]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Russkie slovari (in Russian).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) selon laquelle un TC émerge initialement par sa colocalisation avec des noms d’artefacts, mais s’étend ensuite progressivement au domaine des objets naturels supplantant ainsi un ancien TC. De plus, koričnevyj et buryj se distinguent par des dénotations et des connotations. Nos résultats donnent un aperçu des mécanismes généraux de l’évolution linguistique sur l’émergence d’un TC de base.
Zusammenfassung
Wir untersuchten die Diachronie der distributionalen Semantik der zwei konkurrierenden russischen Farbbezeichnungen (FB) für ‘braun’, buryj (11. Jahrhundert) und koričnevyj (17. Jahrhundert) mittels Google Books Ngram. 2020. [URL]. Die Zeitreihenanalyse (1800–2019) der Bigramme erlaubte, die Auftretenshäufigkeit von jedem dieser FB zu messen, wie auch die Änderungen der Kombinierbarkeit dieser mit Substantiven für natürliche Objekte, Artefakte (menschengemachte Gegenstände), abstrakte Konzepte und figurative Ausdrücke. Bezüglich der Häufigkeit wurde buryj von koričnevyj in den 1920er Jahren überholt, was den Grundstatus von koričnevyj im modernen Russisch bestätigt. Der Perplexitätsindex weist darauf hin, dass koričnevyj den Bereich der bezeichneten Objekte stetig vergrößerte, wobei Artefakte die Spitzenreiter beim Übergang von buryj zu koričnevyj sind. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Hypothese von Rakhilina (Rakhilina, Ekaterina V. 2007a. Linguistic construal of colors: The case of Russian. In Robert E. MacLaury, Galina V. Paramei, and Don Dedrick (eds.), Anthropology of color: Interdisciplinary multilevel modeling, 363–377. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 2007b. O semantike prilagatel’nyx cveta [On semantics of colour adjectives]. In Aleksandr P. Vasilevich (ed.), Naimenovanija cveta v indoevropejskix jazykax: Sistemnyj i istoričeskij analiz [Colour terms in Indo-European languages: Systematic and historical analysis], 29–39. Moscow: KomKniga (in Russian).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, 2008. Kognitivnyj analiz predmetnyx imen: semantika i sočetaemost’ [Cognitive analysis of object names: Semantics and combinability]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Russkie slovari (in Russian).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), dass eine neu erscheinende FB anfangs mit Substantiven kollokiert, die Artefakte bezeichnen, allmählich aber in den Bereich der natürlichen Objekte expandiert, die alte FB verdrängend. Darüber hinaus unterscheiden sich koričnevyj und buryj durch die denotativen und konnotativen Bedeutungen. Die Ergebnisse liefern Einblicke in generelle Mechanismen der linguistischen Evolution einer emergenten FB, die den Grundstatus gewinnt.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1The Berlin-Kay hypothesis of basic colour categories
    • 1.2Evolution of basic colour categories as partitioning of colour space: Explanatory schemes and mechanisms
    • 1.3Evolution from a “proto-archaic” to a new hue-based basic colour category and term
    • 1.4Evolution of basic colour terms: A linguistic approach
    • 1.5Corpus analysis of the linguistic behaviour of colour terms
    • 1.6“Russian browns”: Etymology, history of emergence and linguistic behaviour
    • 1.7Hypothesis and aims of the present study
  • 2.Materials and Methods
    • 2.1Data source: Russian subcorpus of Google Books Ngram
    • 2.2Data cleansing and lemmatisation
  • 3.Results
    • 3.1Dynamics of the occurrences of buryj and koričnevyj
    • 3.2Derivational morphology of buryj and koričnevyj
    • 3.3Frequency distribution of “Russian browns” in diachrony
    • 3.4Competition of the two Russian ‘brown’ terms
    • 3.5Nouns of object classes in bigrams: A diachronic analysis
    • 3.6Analysis of atypical contexts where koričnevyj collocates with nouns for natural objects
  • 4.Discussion
    • 4.1Summary of the major findings
    • 4.2Denotata of koričnevyj and buryj
    • 4.3Connotative meanings of koričnevyj and buryj
    • 4.4The koričnevyj term as a socio-cultural marker
  • 5.Conclusions
  • Supplementary materials
  • Acknowledgements
  • Note
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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