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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 40:1 (2023) ► pp.73–110

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On the origins of multiple exponence in Crow

ORCiD logo with link | University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley
Published online: 8 November 2022
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.22003.ko
Abstract
Multiple exponence is a phenomenon in which morphemes that encode a given piece of information are realized multiple times within a single word. Unlike other members of the Siouan language family spoken across North America, Crow possesses a set of modal auxiliaries that display multiple exponence of subject person agreement. I show that one source of multiple exponence in Crow is the grammaticalization of the inflectional future from the motion verb arrive there, which brings with it its own agreement prefixes. Multiple exponence then extended to compound modals containing the inflectional future and finally to a morphologically unrelated modal – a distinct case of multiple exponence begetting additional multiple exponence. Thus, this study contributes to the broader understanding of the diachronic pathways to multiple exponence.
Résumé
L’exponence multiple est un phénomène dans lequel la même information est encodée plusieurs fois en un seul mot. Contrairement aux autres membres de la famille des langues siouanes parlées en Amérique du Nord, le Crow possède un ensemble d’auxiliaires modaux qui comprennent un accord avec la personne sujet, en plus du verbe auquel ils s’attachent, créant ainsi un cas d’exponence multiple. J’explique qu’une origine de l’exponence multiple en Crow est la grammaticalisation du futur à partir du verbe de mouvement « arriver là-bas », qui apporte avec lui ses propres marques d’accord avec le sujet. L’exponence multiple a ensuite été étendue aux modaux composés contenant le futur et enfin à un modal sans line morphologique; un cas distinct d’analogie engendrant une exponence multiple supplémentaire. Ainsi, cette étude contribue à ce que l’on comprenne mieux les origines diachroniques de l’exponence multiple.
Zusammenfassung
Multiple Exponence ist ein Phänomen, bei dem Morpheme, die dieselbe Information kodieren, mehrfach in einem einzigen Wort realisiert werden. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Mitgliedern der Siouan-Sprachfamilie, die in weiten Teilen Nordamerikas gesprochen werden, besitzt Crow eine Reihe von modalen Auxiliarverben, die Multiple Exponence bei der Subjekt-Person-Kongruenz aufweisen. Ich erkläre, dass ein Ursprung von Multiple Exponence in Crow die Grammatikalisierung des flektierten Futurs aus dem Bewegungsverb „dort ankommen” ist, das seine eigenen Kongruenzpräfixe mitbringt. Multiple Exponence wurde dann auf zusammengesetzte Modale erweitert, die das flektierende Futur enthielten, und schließlich auf ein morphologisch nicht verwandtes Modal – ein besonderer Fall von Multiple Exponence, der zusätzliche Multiple Expo-nence erzeugte. Somit trägt diese Studie zu einem weiterführenden Verständnis der diachronen Wege zum Multiple Exponence bei.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Multiple exponence in Crow
  • 3.The inflectional future -ii ‘will, must’
  • 4.The modal auxiliaries -iimmaachi ‘will, must’, -iih ‘may, might’, and -iishdaachi ‘should’
  • 5.The involuntary desiderative -isshi ‘feel like’
  • 6.Discussion
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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