Article published In: Thematic issue: Historical Linguistics of Sign Languages
[Diachronica 41:2] 2024
► pp. 251–298
Mother left, Father right
Artificial signs and diachronic change in sign language dialects in Belgium and the Netherlands
Published online: 13 June 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.21052.nys
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.21052.nys
Abstract
Studies of diachronic change in sign languages are only available for a small number of sign languages, in part
due to the scarcity of historical resources for sign languages. This article presents the first study of diachronic change in
Nederlandse Gebarentaal ‘Dutch Sign Language’ (NGT) and Vlaamse Gebarentaal ‘Flemish Sign
Language’ (VGT). It looks at the impact of an artificial sign system on the lexicons of the Gestel variant of NGT and the Limburg
variant of VGT. The recovery of two 19th century manuscripts describing 3,000 signs and 7,000 signs of this system respectively
enables us to compare this artificial system with published data for NGT and VGT from the 1950s and the present.
We focus on the resilience of an artificial distinction that is not considered distinctive in other natural sign
languages, i.e., an absolute left/right distinction for gender marking in kinship terms. The results show that the NGT and VGT
variants have partially changed or replaced all the artificial signs, except UNCLE/AUNT, NEPHEW/NIECE in NGT and PARENTS in VGT.
The partial changes shed light on the mechanisms through which artificial elements are nativized to fit the phonological system of
these sign languages. The changes observed in the left/right paradigm have implications for our understanding of the distribution
of laterality in sign language phonology in general.
Finally, the impact of the highly restricted access to language models that were part of the strict oralist
approaches in these school, and the consequent impoverished language input on diachronic change and lexical innovation are
discussed.
Résumé
Les études sur les changements diachroniques dans les langues des signes ne sont disponibles que pour un
petit nombre de langues des signes, en partie à cause de la rareté des sources historiques sur les langues des signes. Cet article
présente la première étude du changement diachronique dans la Nederlandse Gebarentaal « Langue des signes néerlandaise » (NGT) et
dans la Vlaamse Gebarentaal « Langue des signes flamande » (VGT). Il examine l’impact d’un système de signes
artificiels sur les lexiques de la variante Gestel du NGT et de la variante limbourgeoise du VGT. La récupération de deux
manuscrits du XIXe siècle décrivant respectivement 3000 et 7000 signes de ce système nous permet de comparer ce système artificiel
avec les données publiées pour le NGT et le VGT des années 1950 et aujourd’hui.
Nous nous concentrons sur la résilience d’une distinction artificielle qui n’est pas
considérée comme distinctive dans d’autres langues des signes naturelles, à savoir une distinction absolue gauche/droite
pour le marquage du genre en termes de parenté. Les résultats montrent que les variantes NGT et VGT ont partiellement modifié ou
remplacé tous les signes artificiels, à l’exception de ONCLE/TANTE, NEVEU/NIÈCE en NGT et PARENTS en VGT. Les changements
partiels mettent en lumière les mécanismes par lesquels les éléments artificiels sont nativisés pour s’adapter au système
phonologique de ces langues des signes. Les changements observés dans le paradigme gauche/droite ont des implications pour notre
compréhension de la distribution de la latéralité dans la phonologie de la langue des signes en général.
Enfin, on discute l’impact de l’accès très restreint aux modèles linguistiques qui faisaient
partie des approches orales strictes dans ces écoles et l’apport linguistique appauvri qui en résulte sur le changement
diachronique et l’innovation lexicale.
Zusammenfassung
Untersuchungen zum diachronen Wandel in Gebärdensprachen liegen nur für eine kleine Anzahl von
Gebärdensprachen vor, was teilweise auf den Mangel an historischen Quellen für Gebärdensprachen zurückzuführen ist. Dieser Artikel
stellt die erste Studie zum diachronen Wandel in der Nederlandse Gebarentaal „Niederländische Gebärdensprache“
(NGT) und der Vlaamse Gebarentaal „Flämische Gebärdensprache“ (VGT) vor. Es untersucht die Auswirkungen eines
künstlichen Gebärdensystems auf die Lexika der Gestel-Variante von NGT und der Limburg-Variante von VGT. Die Wiederherstellung von
zwei Manuskripten aus dem 19. Jahrhundert, die 3000 bzw. 7000 Gebärden dieses Systems beschreiben, ermöglicht es uns, dieses
künstliche System mit veröffentlichten Daten für NGT und VGT aus den 1950er-Jahren und der Gegenwart zu vergleichen.
Wir konzentrieren uns auf die Widerstandsfähigkeit einer künstlichen Unterscheidung, die in anderen
natürlichen Gebärdensprachen nicht als distinktiv gilt, d. h. einer absoluten Links-/Rechts-Unterscheidung zur
Geschlechtsmarkierung in Bezug auf Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die NGT- und VGT-Varianten alle
künstlichen Gebärden teilweise verändert oder ersetzt haben, mit Ausnahme von ONKEL/TANTE sowie NEFFE/NICHTE in NGT und ELTERN in
VGT. Die teilweisen Änderungen geben Aufschluss über die Mechanismen, durch die künstliche Elemente nativisiert werden, um sie an
das phonologische System dieser Gebärdensprachen anzupassen. Die im Links-/Rechts-Paradigma beobachteten Veränderungen haben
Auswirkungen auf unser Verständnis der Verteilung der Lateralität in der Gebärdensprachphonologie im Allgemeinen.
Abschließend werden die Auswirkungen des stark eingeschränkten Zugangs zu Sprachmodellen, die Teil der
strengen oralistischen Ansätze dieser Schulen waren, und des daraus resultierenden dürftigen Sprachinputs auf diachronen Wandel
und lexikalische Innovation diskutiert.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Diachronic change in signs
- 1.2Nativization of artificial (“methodical”) signs
- 1.3Phonological conditions regarding laterality in SLs
- Laterality contrast in handedness
- Laterality contrast in locations
- A gender paradigm based on contrast in laterality
- 1.4NGT-Gestel & VGT-Limburg: The van Beek-lineage
- The impact of deaf education on the emergence of SLs and deaf communities
- Linguistic research on NGT-Gestel & VGT-Maaseik
- Van Beek’s system
- Laterality in NGT-Gestel & VGT-Limburg
- 2.Data sets
- 3.Results
- 3.1Laterality in the van Beek sign system
- 3.2Laterality for Gender in NGT-Gestel and VGT-Limburg dialects
- 3.2.1Unchanged: Uncle & aunt and nephew & niece
- 3.2.2Partially changed
- Replacement of the left-right distinction by a laterality distinction: VADER and MOEDER (& OUDERS)
- Female signs on the forehead move to the right and become initialized
- Son and daughter
- King and queen
- 3.2.3Reduction of compound signs
- Brother and sister
- 3.2.4Completely replaced
- Boy & girl
- Grandfather & grandmother
- 4.Discussion
- 4.1Tendencies in diachronic sign change
- 4.2Maintenance and modification of the “female left, male right” paradigm
- Dominance Reversal replaced by laterality or annulled (resulting in manual polysemy)
- 4.3Demise of a non-compliant paradigm in favor of a compliant one
- 4.4Impoverished language input: Oralism, teaching trends and lexical variability
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
- Abbreviations
References
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