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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 40:3 (2023) ► pp.384–432

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A multifaceted approach to understanding unexpected sound change

The bilabial trills of Vanuatu’s Malekula Island

ORCiD logo with link | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzig
 | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzig | Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human HistoryJena
 | University of Waikato
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Published online: 6 February 2023
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https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.21051.ran
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that unexpected sound changes are best explained by an approach that accounts for different motivations: phonetic, structural and social. Here, we focus on a multifaceted investigation of the cross-linguistically uncommon bilabial trills to show the complex interaction between different drivers of sound change. In this paper, we highlight and examine the prenasalized voiced bilabial trill mʙ and plain voiceless bilabial trill p [ʙ̥] found in a number of Oceanic languages spoken on Malekula Island in Vanuatu. We offer a comparative-historical analysis, and we identify the various forces that have led to the emergence and persistence of mʙ and p in Malekula languages: the historical articulatory environments, the particular make-up of the consonant inventories of these languages, complementary sound changes and phonological processes, contact with non-Austronesian languages, and in-group identity attachment. Furthermore, we offer a hypothesis for the relative timing of these factors on the historical pathway of Malekula’s bilabial trills.
Résumé
Cet article porte sur la pluralité des motivations à l’origine des changements phonétiques, celles-ci étant d’ordre phonétique, structurel, et social. Nous présentons ici une enquête multifacette portant sur les vibrantes bilabiales, des sons rares dans les langues du monde, et ce afin de montrer les interactions complexes qui existent entre les différentes motivations des changements phonétiques. Dans cet article, nous mettons en évidence et examinons la vibrante bilabiale pré-nasalisée mʙ et la vibrante bilabiale p [ʙ̥] que l’on trouve dans un certain nombre de langues océaniennes parlées sur l’île de Malekula au Vanuatu. Nous proposons une analyse comparative et historique et identifions les différentes motivations qui ont conduit à l’émergence et à la persistance du mʙ et du p dans ces langues de l’île de Malekula: les contextes articulatoires qui étaient attestés historiquement, la composition particulière des inventaires consonantiques de ces langues, les changements phonétiques et les processus phonologiques complémentaires, le contact avec des langues non austronésiennes, et l’attachement à l’identité ethnolinguistique. En outre, nous proposons une hypothèse pour le parcours historique des vibrantes bilabiales du Malekula.
Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt, dass unerwarteter Lautwandel am besten durch einen Ansatz erklärt wird, der verschiedene Motivationen berücksichtigt: phonetische, strukturelle und soziale. Wir konzentrieren uns auf eine facettenreiche Untersuchung des sprachübergreifend selten vorkommenden bilabialen Trills, um die komplexe Interaktion zwischen verschiedenen Mechanismen des Lautwandels aufzuzeigen. In diesem Artikel untersuchen wir den pränasalisierten stimmhaften bilabialen Trill mʙ und den stimmlosen bilabialen Trill p [ʙ̥], die in einer Reihe von ozeanischen Sprachen auf der Insel Malekula in Vanuatu vorkommen. Wir stellen eine historisch-vergleichende Analyse vor und identifizieren die verschiedenen Faktoren, die zur Entstehung und zur Beständigkeit von mʙ und p in den Sprachen Malekulas geführt haben: die historischen artikulatorischen Umgebungen, die besondere Zusammensetzung des Konsonanteninventars dieser Sprachen, komplementärer Lautwandel und phonologische Prozesse, der Kontakt mit nicht-austronesischen Sprachen und die Identitätsbildung innerhalb sozialer Gruppen. Darüber hinaus stellen wir eine Hypothese für die relative zeitliche Verortung dieser Faktoren auf dem historischen Weg der bilabialen Trills von Malekula vor.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
    • 2.1Geographic distribution of bilabial trills
    • 2.2Phonetic and phonological properties of ᵐʙ and p
  • 3.Bilabial trills in Malekula languages
    • 3.1Existing hypotheses of the origins of Malekula’s bilabial trills
      • 3.1.1Maddieson’s (1989) aerodynamic hypothesis
      • 3.1.2Lynch’s (2016) diachronic analysis of bilabial trills in four Malekula languages
      • 3.1.3Olson’s (2015) stop > trill > fricative hypothesis
      • 3.1.4Sound change motivated by contact
    • 3.2Distribution of bilabial trills on Malekula
    • 3.3Properties of Malekula’s bilabial trills
      • 3.3.1The prenasalized trill ᵐʙ
      • 3.3.2The plain trill p
      • 3.3.3Functional load of Malekula’s bilabial trills
  • 4.Comparative-historical analysis of Malekula’s bilabial trills
    • 4.1Cognate sets with ᵐʙ
    • 4.2Cognate sets with p
  • 5.Discussion of the results
    • 5.1*ᵐb/_u > ᵐʙ
    • 5.2*v/+_u > p
    • 5.3What contributed to the emergence and persistence of ᵐʙ?
    • 5.4What contributed to the emergence and persistence of p?
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
  • References to Appendices
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Cited by (1)

Cited by one other publication

King, Benedict, Tihomir Rangelov, Mary Walworth & Dan Dediu
2025. Phylogenetic ancestral state reconstruction of bilabial trills in the languages of Malekula Island (Vanuatu), and the historical evolution of rare sound changes. Journal of Language Evolution 10:1 DOI logo

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