Cover not available

Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 40:4 (2023) ► pp.439–491

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB
authorization required

Realis morphology and Chatino’s role in the diversification of Zapotec languages

ORCiD logo with link | Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia
Published online: 26 September 2023
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.21027.bea
Abstract
This paper concerns a semantic change whereby a continuous aspect prefix was reinterpreted as marking realis mood. This change took place in Chatino and then diffused to the Southern Zapotec subgroup, contributing to the genetic diversification of the Zapotec languages. Proto-Zapotecan marked irrealis mood with *k- and did not mark realis. *n- indicated continuous aspect and could concatenate with perfective *ku- to render a resultative reading. A continuous-marked positional verb *n-te later grammaticalized as a progressive prefix in Chatino. As both perfective and progressive refer to (at least partially) realized situations, *n- was reanalyzed as a marker of realis mood that could concatenate with aspectual viewpoint prefixes. The realis prefix is shown to be one of several traits diffused from Chatino which contribute to the creation of the Southern Zapotec clade and its divergence from Monte Albán Zapotec.
Resumen
Este trabajo trata un cambio semántico en que un prefijo que marcaba aspecto continuo fue reinterpretado como un marcador de modo realis. Este cambio tomó lugar en chatino primero, antes de difundirse al subgrupo zapoteco sureño, así contribuyendo a la diversificación genética de las lenguas zapotecas. El protozapotecano marcaba el modo irrealis con *k- y no marcaba el realis. *n- indicaba aspecto continuo y podría concatenarse con el perfectivo, *ku-, para una lectura resultativa. Un verbo posicional con marcación de aspecto continuo, *n-te, se gramaticalizó como un prefijo progresivo en chatino. Como tanto el perfectivo como el progresivo se refieren a situaciones (por lo menos parcialmente) realizadas, *n- se reanalizó como un marcador de modo realis que se podría concatenar con prefijos de punto de vista aspectual. El prefijo realis se revela como uno de varios rasgos difundidos del chatino que contribuyen a la creación del zapoteco del sur y su divergencia del zapoteco de Monte Albán.
Résumé
Le présent article décrit un changement sémantique consistant en la réinterprétation d’un préfixe marquant l’aspect continu en un marqueur du mode realis. Ce changement historique s’est produit en Chatino avant de se propager au groupe zapotèque du sud, contribuant ainsi à la diversification des langues zapotèques. Le proto-zapotécan marquait autrefois le mode irrealis avec *k-, sans marquer le realis. *n- indiquait l’aspect continu et le même préfixe, combiné au préfixe perfectif *ku-, donnait un sens résultatif. En chatino, la combinaison d’un verbe de position avec le préfixe continu (*n-te) s’est ensuite grammaticalisée en préfixe marquant le progressif. Parce que le perfectif et le progressif font tous deux réference à des situations effectives (du domaine realis), le chatino a grammaticalisé *n- comme un préfixe de realis, que l’on peut associer à des préfixes aspectuels. Le préfixe réalis est l’un des nombreaux traits d’origine chatino qui contribuent à la formation du zapotèque du sud comme un clade à part entière, et le distinguent du zapotèque de Monte Albán.
Zussamenfassung
Dieser Artikel behandelt einen Fall von semantischem Wandel, durch den ein kontinuatives Aspektpräfix als Realismarkierung reinterpretiert wurde. Dieser Wandel fand im Chatino statt und breitete sich später über den Südzapotekischen Zweig aus, wodurch er zur genetischen Diversifizierung der Zapotekischen Sprachen beigetragen hat. Das Proto-Zapotekische markierte den Irrealis mit *k-; der Realis war unmarkiert. Das Präfix *n- drückte kontinuativen Aspekt aus und verband sich mit dem perfektiven *ku- zur Bezeichnung resultativer Lesarten. Ein kontinuativ-markiertes Positionsverb *n-te grammatikalisierte später zu einem Progressivpräfix im Chatino. Da sich sowohl Perfektiv als auch Progressiv auf realisierte Situationen beziehen, wurde *n- reanalysiert als eine Markierung des Realis, die mit Aspektpräfixen kombiniert werden konnte. Das Realispräfix erweist sich als eines von mehreren Merkmalen, die vom Chatino ausgehend diffundierten und zur Bildung der Südzapotekischen Klade und ihrer Divergenz vom Monte Alban Zapotek beitrugen.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Zapotecan subgroups and regions
  • 3.Synchronic description of realis marking
    • 3.1Initial nasals as realis mood
      • 3.1.1Definition and validity of realis mood
      • 3.1.2Realis forms in Chatino and Southern Zapotec
      • 3.1.3Realis and aspect in the joint system of Chatino and Southern Zapotec
      • 3.1.4Realis and negation
    • 3.2Interaction between the realis and aspectual prefixes
      • 3.2.1The variability of the nasal prefix
      • 3.2.2Reduction of NCC clusters
  • 4.The origin of the realis prefix
    • 4.1Verbal inflection in Zapotecan
    • 4.2Realis marking is an innovation, not a retention
      • 4.2.1Preconsonantal nasals in the Western Relic Area
      • 4.2.2Southern Zapotec participles
    • 4.3The placement of continuous *n- preceding other aspect prefixes
      • 4.3.1The continuous prefix applied to perfective forms in Coyachilla
      • 4.3.2The grammaticalization of the progressive construction
      • 4.3.3The reinterpretation of the continuous prefix as realis
    • 4.4Zapotec modal morphology: A test for the realis hypothesis
      • 4.4.1The Zapotec definite future lacks a nasal and is irrealis
      • 4.4.2The Southern Zapotec counterfactual is irrealis but nasal-initial
  • 5.Divergence and convergence of Chatino and Southern Zapotec
    • 5.1Divergence of Zapotec and Chatino through the Core Zapotec period
    • 5.2Southern Zapotec converges with Chatino and diverges from Monte Albán Zapotec
  • 6.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
References (96)
References
Alonso Ortiz, Ana D. 2020. Propiedades de los verbos posicionales en el zapoteco de Yalálag. Lingüística mexicana (1). 77–99.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Antonio Ramos, Pafnuncio. 2015. La fonología y morfología del zapoteco de San Pedro Mixtepec. San Cristóbal de las Casas: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social dissertation.
Archangeli, Diana. 2011. Feature specification and underspecification. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume & Keren Rice (eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology. Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Archivo de parroquia, Sola de Vega. 1607. Defunciones.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Auwera, Johan van der, Malchukov, Andrej & Ewa Schalley. 2009. Thoughts on (im)perfective imperatives. In Johannes Helmbrecht, Yong-Min Shin, Stavros Skopeteas & Elisabeth Verhoeven (eds.), Form and function in language research: Papers in honour of Christian Lehmann. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Babel, Molly, Andrew Garrett, Michael J. Houser & Maziar Toosarvandani. 2013. Descent and diffusion in language diversification: A study of Western Numic dialectology. International Journal of American Linguistics 79(4). 445–489. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Badillo, Alex Elvis. 2019. Ancient settlement patterns and land-use dynamics in rural Quiechapa, Oaxaca, Mexico. Bloomington: University of Indiana dissertation.
Balkansky, Andrew K. 2002. The Sola Valley and the Monte Albán State: A study of Zapotec imperial expansion. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bartholomew, Doris A. 1983. Gramática zapoteca. In Diccionario zapoteco: Zapoteco de Juárez, 335–484. México, DF: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beam de Azcona, Rosemary G. 2004. A Coatlan-Loxicha Zapotec grammar. Berkeley: University of California dissertation.
2009. Clasificación de verbos en el zapoteco miahuateco de San Bartolomé Loxicha. Cuadernos del Sur 14(28). 59–69. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2018. El zapoteco de Tlacolulita y el transyautepequeño, el legado lingüístico de Cosijoeza I. Oaxaca: Paper presented at the Coloquio de Lenguas Otomangues y Vecinas.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2019. Southern Zapotec verb classes. Amerindia 411. 121–166. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2023a. The historical dialectology of stative marking in Zapotecan. Journal of Historical Linguistics 13 (1), 115–172. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
In preparation. Diccionario del di’zhke’ (zapoteco coateco).
Beam de Azcona, Rosemary G., Abdón Cruz Cortés & Lázaro Díaz Pacheco. 2013. El hombre que conoció a Cocijo. Tlalocan XIX1. 93–223.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beam de Azcona, Rosemary Grace & Lázaro Díaz Pacheco. 2022. Un relato de dos almas que andaban penando: Un texto en zapoteco coateco del Proyecto para la Documentación de las Lenguas de Mesoamérica. Tlalocan XXVII(2).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bohnemeyer, Jürgen & Mary Swift. 2004. Event realization and default aspect. Linguistics and Philosophy 27(3). 263–296. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boneh, Nora & Edit Doron. 2008. Habituality and the habitual aspect. In Susan Rothstein (ed.), Theoretical and crosslinguistic approaches to the semantics of aspect, 321–348. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bowern, Claire. 1998. Towards a typology of irrealis marking in modality. In John Ingram (ed.), Selected papers from the 1998 conference of the Australian Linguistic Society. St Lucia, University of Queensland, and Australian Linguistic Society: [URL]
Broadwell, George Aaron. 2015. The historical development of the progressive aspect in Central Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 81(2). 151–185. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campbell, Eric. 2011. Zenzontepec Chatino aspect morphology and Zapotecan verb classes. International Journal of American Linguistics 77(2). 219–246. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campbell, Eric W. 2013. The internal diversification and subgrouping of Chatino. International Journal of American Linguistics 79(3). 395–420. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2014. Aspects of the phonology and morphology of Zenzontepec Chatino, a Zapotecan language of Oaxaca, Mexico. Austin: University of Texas dissertation.
2017. Commands in Zenzontepec Chatino. In Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (eds.), Commands: A cross-linguistic typology, 106–126. Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2021. On Zapotecan glottal stop and where (not) to reconstruct it. In Anna M. Babel & Mark A. Sicoli (eds.), Contact, structure, and change: a festschrift in honor of Sarah G. Thomason, 353–386. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campbell, Eric W. & Troi Carleton. In press. Diccionario chatino de Zenzontepec. CDMX: INALI.
Campbell, Lyle. 2017. Why is it so hard to define a linguistic area? In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Handbook of areal linguistics, 19–39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chafe, Wallace. 1995. The realis-irrealis distinction in Caddo, the Northern Iroquoian languages, and English. In Joan Bybee & Suzanne Fleischman (eds.), Modality in grammar and discourse, 349–365. Amsterdam. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Condoravdi, Cleo. 2002. Temporal interpretation of modals: Modals for the present and for the past. In David Beaver, Stefan Kaufmann, Brady Clark & Luis Casillas (eds.), The construction of meaning, 59–88. Palo Alto: CSLI publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Condoravdi, Cleo & Ashwini Deo. 2015. Aspect shifts in Indo-Aryan and trajectories of semantic change. In Chiara Gianollo, Agnes Jäger & Doris Penka (eds.), Language change at the syntax-semantics interface, 261–292. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cristofaro, Sonia. 2012. Descriptive notions vs. grammatical categories: Unrealized states of affairs and ‘irrealis’. Language Sciences 34(2). 131–146. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cruz, Emiliana. 2011. Phonology, tone and the functions of tone in San Juan Quiahije Chatino. Austin: University of Texas dissertation.
Cruz Santiago, Emiliano. In preparation. Moód kéh’ mén noó tixu’t mén dí’zdéh noó na’r kwent. In Rosemary G. Beam de Azcona (ed.).
Cruz Santiago, Emiliano & Rosemary G Beam de Azcona. In preparation. Diccionario del dí’zdéh (zapoteco miahuateco de San Bartolomé Loxicha).
Dakin, Karen, Claudia Parodi & Natalie Operstein. 2017. Language contact and change in Mesoamerica and beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dowty, David R. 1979. Word meaning and Montague grammar: The semantics of verbs and times in generative semantics and in Montague’s PTQ. Dordrecht: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elliott, Jennifer R. 2000. Realis and irrealis: Forms and concepts of the grammaticalisation of reality. Linguistic Typology 41. 55–90. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M. & Linda M. Nicholas. 2013. Settlement patterns of the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico: A diachronic macroscale perspective. Fieldiana Anthropology 43(1). 1–330. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Foreman, John & Brook Danielle Lillehaugen. 2017. Positional verbs in Colonial Valley Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics 83(2). 263–305. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
François, Alexandre. 2009. The languages of Vanikoro: Three lexicons and one grammar. In Bethwyn Evans (ed.), Discovering history through language: Papers in honour of Malcom Ross, 103–126. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Galant, Michael. 2015. Changes in valence in San Andrés Yaá Zapotec. In Natalie Operstein & Aaron Huey Sonnenschein (eds.), Valence changes in Zapotec: Synchrony, diachrony, typology, 213–236. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Geenhoven, Veerle van. 2004. For-adverbials, frequentative aspect, and pluractionality. Natural Language Semantics 12(2). 135–190. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gutiérrez Lorenzo, Ambrocio. 2021. A description and analysis of the syntax and functions of subordinate clauses in Teotitlán del Valle Zapotec. Austin: University of Texas dissertation.
Hernández Luna, Mario Ulises. 2014. Desarrollo histórico y análisis sincrónico del sistema fonológico del zapoteco de Santo Domingo de Morelos. CDMX: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia BA thesis.
. 2019. Fonología del miahuateco: Sincronía, diacronía y clasificación. CDMX: Colegio de México dissertation.
Joyce, Arthur A. 2010. Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Chatinos: Ancient peoples of Southern Mexico. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Juárez Santiago, Brígida. 2018. La marcación de posesión en el zapoteco de Coatecas Altas, Oaxaca: Sistema adulto y producciones infantiles. CDMX: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social MA thesis.
Kaufman, Terrence. 2016. Proto-Sapotek(an) reconstructions. [URL]
Klein, Wolfgang. 1994. Time in language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Klotz, Robert. 2019. Dhiksiyonarr dhīxh-nde’e – dhīxh-xtīl – dhì’ixh ingles. Diccionario del zapoteco de San Vicente Coatlán. San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec dictionary. Ms.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Krajinović, Ana. 2020. Tense, mood , and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective: The perfect aspect and the realis / irrealis mood. University of Melbourne & Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin PhD.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lichtenberk, Frantisek. 2016. Modality and mood in Oceanic. In Jan Nuyts & Johan van der Auwera (eds.), The Oxford handbook of modality and mood, 330–361. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
López Nicolás, Oscar. 2016. Estudios de la fonología y gramática del zapoteco de Zoochina. San Cristóbal de las Casas: CIESAS dissertation.
Markman, Charles W. 1981. Prehistoric settlement dynamics in Central Oaxaca, Mexico. A view from the Miahuatlan Valley (Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 26). Nashville: Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matthewson, Lisa. 2006. Temporal semantics in a superficially tenseless language. Linguistics and Philosophy. 29(6). 673–713. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McIntosh, Justin Daniel. 2015. Aspects of phonology and morphology of Teotepec Eastern Chatino. Austin: University of Texas dissertation.
Mithun, Marianne. 1995. On the relativity of irreality. In Joan Bybee & Suzanne Fleishman (eds.), Modality in grammar and discourse, 367–387. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1999. The languages of native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Molina Sánchez, Lorenzo, Emiliana Gaspar Hernández & Jan A. Persons B. 2002. Vocabulario básico: Zapoteco de Lachixío con variaciones dialectales. Ms. [URL]
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Munro, Pamela. 2007. A definite mystery. In Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 33(91). Linguistic Society of America. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nellis, Neil & Jane Goodner de Nellis. 1983. Diccionario zapoteco: Zapoteco de Juárez. México, DF: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Operstein, Natalie. 2012. Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz. International Journal of American Linguistics 78(1). 1–40. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. The origin of the Zapotec causative marker *k-: A diachronic-typological perspective. International Journal of American Linguistics 80(1). 99–114. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015a. Verb inflection and valence in Zapotec. In Natalie Operstein & Aaron Huey Sonnenschein (eds.), Valence changes in Zapotec: Synchrony, diachrony, typology, 323–343. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015b. Zaniza Zapotec. 5041. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Palmer, F. R. 2001. Mood and modality. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pérez Báez, Gabriela. 2015. Morphological valence-changing processes in Juchitán Zapotec. In Natalie Operstein & Aaron Huey Sonnenschein (eds.), Valence changes in Zapotec: Synchrony, diachrony, typology, 93–116. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pérez Báez, Gabriela & Terrence Kaufman. 2017. Verb Classes in Juchitán Zapotec. Anthropological Linguistics 58(3). 217–257. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Phillips, Josh. 2021. At the intersection of temporal & modal interpretation: Essays on irreality. PhD Dissertation, Yale.
Pride, Leslie & Kitty Pride. 1970. Vocabulario chatino de Tataltepec. México, DF: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prince, Kilu von. 2017. Paradigm-induced implicatures of TAM markers: The case of the Daakaka distal. In Robert Truswell, Chris Cummins, Caroline Heycock, Brian Rabern & Hannah Rohde (eds.), Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 211, 969–984.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. Counterfactuality and past. Linguistics and philosophy. Springer Netherlands 42(6). 577–615. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prince, Kilu von, Ana Krajinović & Manfred Krifka. 2022. Irrealis is real. Language 98(2). 221–249. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Riggs, David. 2020. Diccionario del zapoteco de Amatlán. Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roberts, John R. 1990. Modality in Amele and other Papuan languages. Journal of Linguistics 261. 363–401. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. 1930. Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean language. In Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1–296. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sicoli, Mark A. 1998. Tense/aspect/mood in Lachixío Zapotec. Catemaco: Handout from the Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Meso-America.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2015. Agency and verb valence in a West Zapotec language. In Natalie Operstein & Aaron Huey Sonnenschein (eds.), Valence changes in Zapotec: Synchrony, diachrony, typology, 191–212. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2020. Saying and doing in Zapotec: Multimodality, resonance, and the language of joint actions. London: Bloomsbury. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sicoli, Mark A. & Terrence Kaufman. 2010. The survey of Zapotec and Chatino languages collection. [URL]
Smith Stark, Thomas C. 2003. El progresivo en zapoteco. Paper presented at the VII congreso nacional de lingüística, Universidad de Guadalajara.
2007. Algunas isoglosas zapotecas. In Cristina Buenrostro, Samuel Herrera Castro, Yolanda Lastra, Fernando Nava, Juan José Rendón, Otto Schumann, Leopoldo Valiñas & María Aydeé Vargas Monroy (eds.), Clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de México: Memorias del III Coloquio Internacional de Lingüística Mauricio Swadesh, 69–133. México, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas e Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Speck, Charles H. 2012. The existential use of positional verbs in Texmelucan Zapotec. In Brook Danielle Lillehaugen & Aaron Huey Sonnenschein (eds.), Expressing location in Zapotec, 241–257. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Speck, Charles H. & Velma B. Pickett. 1976. Some properties of the Texmelucan Zapotec verbs go, come, and arrive. International Journal of American Linguistics 42(1). 58–64. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S. & Elsa M. Redmond. 2004. Primary state formation in Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology 33(1). 173–199. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sullivant, J. Ryan. 2016. Reintroducing Teojomulco Chatino. International Journal of American Linguistics 8(10). 393–423. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. The phonology and inflectional morphology of Cháʔknyá, Tataltepec de Valdés Chatino, a Zapotecan language. Austin: University of Texas dissertation.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Villard, Stéphanie. 2015. The phonology and morphology of Zacatepec Eastern Chatino. Austin: University of Texas dissertation.
Woodbury, Anthony C. 2019. Conjugational double-classification: The separate life cycles of prefix classes vs tone ablaut classes in aspect/mood inflection in the Chatino languages of Oaxaca. Amerindia 411. 75–120. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (1)

Cited by one other publication

Covarrubias Acosta, Adela
2024. De sustantivo a pronombre relativo: la historia de men en el zapoteco de San Bartolo Yautepec. Cuadernos de Lingüística de El Colegio de México 11 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue