Cover not available

Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 40:1 (2023) ► pp.30–72

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB

A history of the Basque prosodic systems

ORCiD logo with link | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IKER UMR 5478
 | University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
Open Access logo
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 23 August 2022
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20066.egu
Abstract
This paper presents new proposals for the reconstruction of Proto-Basque accentuation, as well as the development and chronology of the main accentual systems of the modern dialects, grounded in phonetic, historical and typological evidence. It is the first attempt to reconstruct Basque accentuation from a pre-Roman stage to the dialectalization that followed Common Basque. We suggest that Old Proto-Basque had prosodic prominence in the root, i.e., [(C)V.'CVC]. This system evolved into phrase-level prominence in Modern Proto-Basque, giving rise to unaccentedness in non-phrase final positions, with marked stress only introduced later, through Latin loanwords (2nd–3rd century CE). This would become the common system, which still persists in the west. Not long after the dialectification, word-level systems developed in non-western areas, first as peninitial and then as penultimate stress (in eastern dialects). Finally, we propose that the Goizueta prosodic system can be derived from the Central system, which is an alternative view to In press. Accent shift and the reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation. In Haruo Kubozono, Junko Ito & Armin Mester (eds.), Prosody and prosodic interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Artikel wird ein neuer Vorschlag für die Rekonstruktion der urbaskischen Akzentuierung sowie der Entwicklung und Chronologie der wichtigsten Akzentsysteme der modernen Dialekte vorgestellt, der sich auf phonetische, historische und typologische Belege stützt. Es ist der erste Versuch, die baskische Akzentuierung von einem vorrömischen Stadium bis zur Dialektalisierung, die auf das Gemeinsame Baskische folgte, zu rekonstruieren. Wir schlagen vor, dass das Alturbaskische die prosodische Betonung auf der Wurzel hatte, d.h. [(C)V.'CVC]. Dieses System entwickelte sich im Neuurbaskischen zu einer Betonung auf Phrasenebene, was dazu geführt hat, dass die Positionen nicht am Phrasenende unbetont blieben, wobei die markierte Betonung erst später durch lateinische Lehnwörter (2.–3. Jh. n. Chr.) eingeführt wurde. Dies ist das übliche System, das sich im Westen bis heute erhalten hat. Nicht lange nach der Dialektalisierung entwickelten sich in nicht-westlichen Gebieten Systeme auf Wortebene, in denen zunächst die Silbe nach der ersten und dann (in den östlichen Dialekten) die vorletzte betont wurde. Schließlich schlagen wir als Alternative zur Ansicht von Hualde (im Druck) vor, dass das prosodische System von Goizueta vom zentralen System abgeleitet werden kann.
Résumé
Cet article présente une nouvelle proposition pour la reconstruction de l’accentuation en proto-basque et le développement et la chronologie des principaux systèmes accentuels des dialectes modernes, fondée sur des preuves phonétiques, historiques et typologiques. Il s’agit de la première tentative de reconstruction de l’accentuation basque d’une étape préromaine à la dialectification qui est venu après le basque commun. Nous suggérons que le proto-basque ancien avait une proéminence prosodique dans la racine, c’est-à-dire [(C)V.'CVC]. Ce système a évolué vers une proéminence au niveau de la phrase en proto-basque moderne, donnant lieu à l’absence d’accent dans les positions finales non-phrasales, avec une accentuation marquée qui est introduite plus tard, par des emprunts latins (IIe-IIIe siècle après JC). Il s’agirait du système commun, qui persiste encore à l’ouest. Peu de temps après la dialectification, des systèmes au niveau du mot se sont développés dans les régions non occidentales, d’abord comme accent péninitial puis comme avant-dernier accent (dans les dialectes orientaux). Enfin, nous proposons que le système prosodique de Goizueta pourrait être dérivé du système central, une vision alternative à celle de Hualde (sous presse).
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Reconstructed prosodic systems: Proto-Basque and Common Basque
    • 2.1Proto-Basque prosody
      • 2.1.1Characteristics of Old Proto-Basque prosody
      • 2.1.2From Old Proto-Basque to Modern Proto-Basque
    • 2.2Common Basque prosodic system
      • 2.2.1Phrase-level accentuation
      • 2.2.2Development of an accented class
  • 3.Modern Basque prosodies and how they developed
    • 3.1Western
      • 3.1.1The tonal realization of accent
      • 3.1.2Incorporation of more accented words
      • 3.1.3Development of a class of pre-accenting suffixes
      • 3.1.4Prosodic behavior of verbs
      • 3.1.5Historical geographic extension of the Western prosodic system
    • 3.2Central
      • 3.2.1The establishment of the phonological word as the minimal prosodic unit
      • 3.2.2The development of peninitial prominence
      • 3.2.3Phonotactic consequences of the word-initial prosodic domain
      • 3.2.4From accent to stress
      • 3.2.5Historical geographic extension of the Central prosodic system
    • 3.3Goizueta
      • 3.3.1Similarities between the Goizueta and the Central prosodic system
      • 3.3.2Development of Accent 2 (and accentual Classes 3–4)
      • 3.3.3Historical geographic extension of the Goizueta prosodic system
    • 3.4Eastern
      • 3.4.1Reinterpretation of the position of the stress
      • 3.4.2Reset of the common marked class and development of a new marked class
      • 3.4.3Historical geographic extension of the Eastern prosodic system
  • 4.Chronology of the Basque prosodic systems and dialect diversification
  • 5.Comparisons with earlier proposals
    • 5.1Differences regarding the prosodic proto-system
    • 5.2Differences regarding the prosodic evolution across dialects
    • 5.3Typological plausibility, naturalness, and degree of explanation of our approach
  • 6.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
References (86)
References
Akinlabi, Akinbiyi & Mark Liberman. 2000. Tonal complexes and tonal alignment. Proceedings of North Eastern Linguistics Society 311. 1–20.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bartoli, Matteo G. 1925. Introduzione alla Neolinguistica (Principi – Scopi – Metodi). Geneva: L.S. Olschki.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beckman, Mary E. 1986. Stress and non-stress accent. Netherlands Phonetics Archives 71. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blevins, Juliette. 2018. Advances in Proto-Basque reconstruction with evidence for the Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian hypothesis. New York, NY/London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Broselow, Ellen. 2009. Stress adaptation in loanword phonology: Perception and learnability. In Paul Boersma & Silke Hamann (eds.), Phonology in Perception, 191–234. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan. 2015. Language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cahill, Michael. 2007. More universals of tone. SIL Electronic Working Papers 2007–007.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Echenique, María Teresa. 1987. Historia lingüística vasco-románica. Madrid: Paraninfo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Egurtzegi, Ander. 2011. Euskal metatesiak: Abiaburua haien ikerketarako [Basque metatheses: Starting point for their research]. International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU] 451. 1–79.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013a. Phonetics and Phonology. In Mikel Martínez-Areta (ed.), Basque and Proto-Basque. Language-internal and typological approaches to linguistic reconstruction [Mikroglottika 5], 119–172. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2013b. Diferentes tipos de aspiración en vasco (con análisis espectrales del dialecto suletino actual). In Eduardo Blasco Ferrer, Paolo Francalacci, Alberto Nocentini & Giuseppa Tanda (eds.), Iberia e Sardegna. Legami linguistici, archeologici e genetici dal Mesolitico all’Età del Bronzo, 151–169. Firenze: Le Monnier.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Towards a phonetically grounded diachronic phonology of Basque. PhD dissertation, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
. 2015. Different distributions of contrastive vowel nasalization in Basque. Loquens 2(1). e017. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. On the phonemic status of nasalized /h̃/ in modern Zuberoan Basque. Linguistics 56(6). 1353–1367. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. Metathesis of aspiration as the source of anticipatory voicelessness in Basque. Journal of French Language Studies 29(2). 265–279. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. In press. Goizuetako azentueraren garapena kokatzen Euskara Batu Zaharraren prosodia zehazteko: Proposamenen ebaluazioa [Locating the development of the Goizueta accentuation to detail Common Basque prosody: Evaluation of proposals]. Fontes Linguae Vasconum 1331.
Egurtzegi, Ander & Borja Ariztimuño. 2019. /f/-ren sarrera eta sorrera euskaran [Introduction and inception of /f/ in Basque]. In Irantzu Epelde & Oroitz Jauregi (eds.), Bihotz ahots. M.L. Oñederra irakaslearen omenez, 197–213. Bilbao: University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Egurtzegi, Ander & Gorka Elordieta. 2013. Euskal azentueren historiaz [On the history of Basque accentuation]. In Ricardo Gómez, Joaquín Gorrochategui, Joseba A. Lakarra & Céline Mounole (eds.), 3rd Conference of the Luis Michelena Chair [“Koldo Mitxelena” Katedraren Argitalpenak 5], 163–186. Vitoria-Gasteiz: University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elordieta, Gorka. 1997. Accent, tone and intonation in Lekeitio Basque. In Fernando Martínez-Gil & Alfonso Morales-Front (eds.), Issues in the phonology and morphology of the major Iberian languages, 4–78. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1998. Intonation in a pitch-accent variety of Basque. International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU] 321. 511–569.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003. Intonation. In José I. Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque, 72–112. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011a. Euskal azentuaren bilakaera: hipotesiak eta proposamenak [The evolution of the accentuation in Basque: Hypotheses and proposals]. Euskaltzaindiaren XVI. Biltzarra: Pirinioetako hizkuntzak: lehena eta oraina [Iker 26], 989–1014. Pamplona: Euskaltzaindia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011b. Basque word accents in the sentence. In Gotzon Aurrekoetxea & Iñaki Gaminde (eds.), Prosodiaz eta Hezkuntzaz I. Jardunaldiak, 47–62. Bilbao: University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. Recursive phonological phrasing in Basque. Phonology 321. 49–78. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elordieta, Gorka & José I. Hualde. 2003. Experimental test of a hypothesized diachronic change in Basque accentuation. In Maria-Josep Solé, Daniel Recasens & Joaquín Romero (eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 67–70. Barcelona: Futurgraphic.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Intonation in Basque. In Sun-Ah Jun (ed.), Prosodic typology II: The phonology of intonation and phrasing, 405–463. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elordieta, Gorka & Elisabeth Selkirk. 2018. Notes on prosodic headedness and tone in Tokyo Japanese, Standard English, and Northern Bizkaian Basque. In Ryan Bennett et al. (eds.), Hana-bana: A Festschrift for Junko Ito and Armin Mester. Available at [URL]
. In press. Unaccentedness and the formation of prosodic structure in Lekeitio Basque. In Haruo Kubozono, Junko Ito & Armin Mester (eds.), Prosody and prosodic interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Estebas-Vilaplana, Eva & Pilar Prieto. 2010. Castilian Spanish intonation. In Pilar Prieto & Paolo Roseano (eds.), Transcription of intonation of the Spanish language, 17–48. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gaminde, Iñaki. 1998. Euskaldunen azentuak [The accents of the Basques]. Bilbao: Labayru Ikastegia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gandarias, Leire. 2013. Patrón tonal de las palabras marcadas en el habla de Gernika-Lumo. Unpublished manuscript, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gorrochategui, Joaquín. 1984. Estudio sobre la onomástica indígena de Aquitania. Bilbao: University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 2004. Northern Bizkaian Basque. In Carlos Gussenhoven (ed.), The Phonology of tone and intonation, 170–184. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1954. De l’origine des tons en vietnamien. Journal Asiatique 2421. 69–82.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1995. Reconstructing the ancient Basque accentual system: Evidence and hypotheses. In José I. Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra & R. Larry Trask (eds.), Towards a history of the Basque language, 171–188. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1997. Euskararen azentuerak [The accentuations of Basque] (Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU] 42). San Sebastián, Bilbao: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1999. Basque accentuation. In Harry van der Hulst (ed.), Word prosodic systems in the languages of Europe, 947–993. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2003a. From phrase-final to post-initial accent in Western Basque. In Paula Fikkert & Haike Jacobs (eds.), Development in prosodic systems, 249–281. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2003b. Segmental phonology. In José I. Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque, 15–65. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2003c. Case and number inflection of noun phrases. In José I. Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque, 171–186. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2003d. Compounds. In José I. Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque, 351–362. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2007. Historical convergence and divergence in Basque accentuation. In Tomas Riad & Carlos Gussenhoven (eds.), Tones and tunes, 291–322. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2012. Two Basque accentual systems and the notion of pitch-accent language. Lingua 1221. 1335–1351. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2018. Oiartzungo azentuera zaharra [The old accentuation from Oiartzun]. Fontes Linguae Vasconum 1251. 113–132. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
In press. Accent shift and the reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation. In Haruo Kubozono, Junko Ito & Armin Mester (eds.), Prosody and prosodic interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hualde, José I., Gorka Elordieta & Arantzazu Elordieta. 1994. The Basque dialect of Lekeitio (Supplements of ASJU 34). San Sebastián, Bilbao: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hualde, José I. & Oihana Lujanbio. 2008. Goizuetako azentuera [The accentuation of Goizueta]. In Xabier Artiagoitia & Joseba A. Lakarra (eds.), Gramatika jaietan. Patxi Goenagaren omenez (Supplements of the International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU]) 511. 377–394. San Sebastián, Bilbao: Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hualde, José I., Oihana Lujanbio & Francisco Torreira. 2008. Lexical tone and stress in Goizueta Basque. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 381. 1–24. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hualde, José I. & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.). 2003. A grammar of Basque. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. 1977. On the nature of linguistic stress. In Larry M. Hyman (ed.), Studies in stress and accent, 37–82. Los Angeles, CA: Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1978. Tone and/or accent. In Donna Jo Napoli (ed.), Elements of tone, stress, and intonation, 1–20. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1981. Tonal accent in Somali. Studies in African Linguistics 12(2). 169–203.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2007. Universals of tone rules: 30 years later. In Tomas Riad & Carlos Gussenhoven (eds.), Tones and Tunes, 1–34. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2011. Tone: Is it different? In John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle & Alan C. L. Yu (eds.), The handbook of phonological theory (2nd edn.), 197–239. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. & Russell G. Schuh. 1974. Universals of tone rules: Evidence from West Africa. Linguistic Inquiry 51. 81–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jun, Sun-Ah & Gorka Elordieta. 1997. Intonational structure of Lekeitio Basque. In Antonis Botinis, Georgios Kouroupetroglou & George Carayiannis (eds.), Intonation: Theory, Model and Applications, 193–196. Athens: European Speech Communication Association.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jurafsky, Daniel, Alan Bell, Michelle Gregory & William D. Raymond. 2001. Probabilistic relations between words: Evidence from reduction in lexical production. In Joan L. Bybee & Paul J. Hopper (eds.), Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure, 229–254. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kent, Roland. 1945. The sounds of Latin [Language Monographs 12]. Baltimore, Md.: Linguistic Society of America.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kingston, John. 2003. Mechanisms of tone reversal. In Shigeki Kaji (ed.), Proceedings of the symposium Cross-Linguistic Studies of Tonal Phenomena: Historical Development, Phonetics of Tone and Descriptive Studies, 57–120. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kubozono, Haruo. 1993. The organization of Japanese prosody. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lahiri, Aditi, Tomas Riad & Haike Jacobs. 1999. Diachronic prosody. In Harry van der Hulst (ed.), Word prosodic systems in the languages of Europe, 335–422. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lakarra, Joseba A. 1995. Reconstructing the pre-Proto-Basque root. In José I. Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra & R. Larry Trask (eds.), Towards a history of the Basque language, 189–206. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2005. Prolegómenos a la reconstrucción de segundo grado y al análisis del cambio tipológico en (proto)vasco. Palaeohispanica 51 [Acta Palaeohispanica 9]. 407–459.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2013. Root Structure. In Mikel Martínez-Areta (ed.), Basque and Proto-Basque. Language-internal and typological approaches to linguistic reconstruction [Mikroglottika 5], 173–221. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Manterola, Julen. 2015. Euskararen morfologia historikorako: Artikuluak eta erakusleak [For the historical morphology of Basque: Articles and demonstratives]. PhD dissertation, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
Martinet, Andre. 1950/1970. De la sonorisation des occlusives initiales en basque”, Word 61. 224–233 [included in 1955/1970. Économie des changements phonétiques: Traité de phonologie diachronique. Bern: Éditions A. Francke].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Martínez-Areta, Mikel. 2004. El acento proto-vasco. International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU] 381. 135–206.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Michelena, Luis [Mitxelena, Koldo]. 1951/2011. De fonética vasca. La distribución de las oclusivas aspiradas y no aspiradas. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vascongada de los Amigos del País 71. 539–549 [reissued in Joseba A. Lakarra & Íñigo Ruiz Arzalluz (eds.). 2011. Luis Michelena. Obras completas (VII), 21–32. Donostia-San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, University of the Basque Country].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Michelena, Luis. 1957–58/2011. À propos de l’accent basque. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 531. 204–233 [reissued in Joseba A. Lakarra & Íñigo Ruiz Arzalluz (eds.). 2011. Luis Michelena. Obras completas (VII), 123–152. Donostia-San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, University of the Basque Country].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1972/2011. A note on Old Labourdin accentuation. International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU] 61. 110–120 [reissued in Joseba A. Lakarra & Íñigo Ruiz Arzalluz (eds.). 2011. Luis Michelena. Obras completas (VII), 163–175. Donostia-San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, University of the Basque Country].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1977/2011. Fonética histórica vasca [Publicaciones del Seminario “Julio de Urquijo”]. Donostia-San Sebastián: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa [1961, 2nd edn. 1977; reissued in Joseba A. Lakarra & Íñigo Ruiz Arzalluz (eds.). 2011. Luis Michelena. Obras completas (VI). Donostia-San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, University of the Basque Country].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1981/2011. Lengua común y dialectos vascos. International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU] 151. 291–313 [reissued in Joseba A. Lakarra & Íñigo Ruiz Arzalluz (eds.). 2011. Luis Michelena. Obras completas (VII), 517–542. Donostia-San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, University of the Basque Country].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Miller, Brett. 2012. Feature patterns: Their sources and status in grammar and reconstruction. PhD dissertation, Cambridge University.
Oftedal, Magne. 1952. On the origin of the Scandinavian tone distinction. Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 161. 201–225.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Olano Martinitz-Xil, Garazi de & Gorka Elordieta. 2018. Arabako herri izenen azentueraz [On the accentuation of Basque place names in Álava]. International Journal of Basque Linguistics and Philology [ASJU] 521. 577–604.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. & Mary E. Beckman. 1988. Japanese tone structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ratliff, Martha. 2015. Tonoexodus, tonogenesis, and tone change. In Patrick Honeybone & Joseph Salmons (eds.), The Oxford handbook of historical phonology, 245–261. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1977. Le Gascon: Études de philologie pyrénéenne (3rd edn.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sastre, Arkaitz. 2021. Bizkaiko iparraldeko doinu-azentua berrikusiz: Bermeok erakusten duena [Revisiting Northern Bizkaian pitch accent: What Bermeo shows]. Unpublished manuscript, Vitoria-Gasteiz: University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stevick, Earl W. 1969. Tone in Bantu. International Journal of American Linguistics 351. 330–341. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trask, R. Larry. 2003. The noun phrase: nouns, determiners and modifiers; pronouns and names. In José I. Hualde & Jon Ortiz de Urbina (eds.), A grammar of Basque, 113–170. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Urrestarazu, Iñigo. 2021. Gogoetak Euskara Batu Zaharraren hausturaz [Reflections on the dialectal division of Common Basque]. MA thesis, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
Yip, Moira. 2002. Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zuloaga, Eneko. 2020. Mendebaleko euskararen azterketa dialektologiko diakronikorantz [Towards a diachronic dialectological analysis of Western Basque]. PhD dissertation, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz.
Cited by (3)

Cited by three other publications

Athanasopoulou, Angeliki, Quinn Goddard & Darin Flynn
2025. Plains Cree Word Prosody Revisited. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 55:1-2 ► pp. 92 ff. DOI logo
Bowern, Claire, John Charles Smith, Betsy Sneller, Meredith Tamminga, Jadranka Gvozdanović, John A. Goldsmith, Götz Keydana & Juliette Blevins
2024. Diachrony and Diachronica. Diachronica 41:1 ► pp. 127 ff. DOI logo
Egurtzegi, Ander
2022. Goizuetako azentueraren garapena kokatzen Euskara Batu Zaharraren prosodia zehazteko: proposamenen ebaluazioa. Fontes Linguae Vasconum :133 ► pp. 9 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue