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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 39:4 (2022) ► pp.490–524

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Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread

ORCiD logo with link | University of Helsinki
ORCiD logo with link | University of Helsinki
ORCiD logo with link | University of Helsinki | University of Vienna
 | University of Helsinki
ORCiD logo with link | University of Helsinki | Russian Academy of Sciences
ORCiD logo with link | University of Helsinki
ORCiD logo with link | University of Helsinki | University of California, Berkeley | HSE UniversityMoscow
 | University of Helsinki
ORCiD logo with link | University of Helsinki
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Published online: 8 April 2022
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https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20038.gru
Abstract
The widespread Uralic family offers several advantages for tracing prehistory: a firm absolute chronological anchor point in an ancient contact episode with well-dated Indo-Iranian; other points of intersection or diagnostic non-intersection with early Indo-European (the Late Proto-Indo-European-speaking Yamnaya culture of the western steppe, the Afanasievo culture of the upper Yenisei, and the Fatyanovo culture of the middle Volga); lexical and morphological reconstruction sufficient to establish critical absences of sharings and contacts. We add information on climate, linguistic geography, typology, and cognate frequency distributions to reconstruct the Uralic origin and spread. We argue that the Uralic homeland was east of the Urals and initially out of contact with Indo-European. The spread was rapid and without widespread shared substratal effects. We reconstruct its cause as the interconnected reactions of early Uralic and Indo-European populations to a catastrophic climate change episode and interregionalization opportunities which advantaged riverine hunter-fishers over herders.
Résumé
La famille ouralienne très répandue offre plusieurs avantages pour retracer la préhistoire: un solide point d’ancrage dans une chronologie absolue comprenant un ancien épisode de contact avec une langue (l’indo-iranien) bien datée; d’autres points d’intersection ou bien de non-intersection diagnostique avec les débuts indo-européens (la défunte culture Yamna de la steppe occidentale parlant un proto-indo-européen, la culture Afanasievo du haut Ienisseï, et la culture Fatianovo de la Moyenne Volga); de la reconstruction lexicale et morphologique suffisante pour établir des absences critiques de partages et de contacts. Nous ajoutons des informations sur le climat, la géographie linguistique, la typologie et des distributions de fréquences de mots apparentés pour reconstituer l’origine ainsi que l’expansion ouraliennes. Nous faisons valoir que le territoire ouralien était à l’est de l’Oural et initialement hors de contact avec l’indo-européen. L’expansion a été rapide et sans effets substratiques communs largement répandus. Nous reconstruisons sa cause comme les réactions reliées entre elles des premières populations ouraliennes et indo-européennes à un épisode catastrophique de changement climatique et aux possibilités provoquées par une croissance des contacts qui ont favorisé les chasseurs-pêcheurs riverains par rapport aux éleveurs.
Zusammenfassung
Die weitverbreitete Familie der uralischen Sprachen bietet mehrere Vorteile zur Nachverfolgung ihrer Frühzeit: ein fester absolutchronologischer Ankerpunkt durch eine Episode früher Kontakte mit gut datierten indo-iranischen Sprachen; andere Punkte der Überschneidung oder diagnostischer ‘Nicht-Überschneidung‘ mit frühen indoeuropäischen Sprachen (die spät-proto-indoeuropäisch sprechende Jamnaja-Kultur der westlichen Steppe, die Afanasievo-Kultur des oberen Jenissei und die Fatjanovo-Kultur der mittleren Wolga); ausreichende lexikalische und morphologische Rekonstruktion, um kritische Abwesenheiten von Teilhabe und Kontakten herzustellen. Wir fügen Informationen zu Klima, Sprachgeographie, Typologie und Häufigkeitsverteilungen von Kognaten hinzu, um den Ursprung und die Ausbreitung des Uralischen zu rekonstruieren. Wir argumentieren, dass sich die Urheimat des Uralischen östlich des Uralgebirges und anfangs auch jenseits von Kontaktzonen mit den indoeuropäischen Sprachen befand. Die Ausbreitung war schnell und ohne weit verbreitete, gemeinsame Substrateffekte. Wir rekonstruieren ihre Ursache in verknüpften Reaktionen früher uralischer und indoeuropäischer Bevölkerungen auf einen katastrophalen Klimawechsel sowie den Chancen einer Interregionalisierung, die flussnahe Jäger und Fischer gegenüber Viehzüchtern begün­stigte.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Prehistory and timeline
    • 2.1The PU homeland
    • 2.2Linguistic and extralinguistic chronology
    • 2.3Early Uralic stages
    • 2.4Timeline
  • 3.The CU spreads
    • 3.1Northward spreads
    • 3.2The CU east-west dispersal
      • 3.2.1Minimal isolation by distance (IBD) effects in vocabulary
      • 3.2.2Homelands
      • 3.2.3Innovations
      • 3.2.4Peripheral archaisms
      • 3.2.5Isolation by distance: Loans
      • 3.2.6Inflectional paradigms
      • 3.2.7Substrata
    • 3.3Typology and the Common Uralic spread
    • 3.4Early diversification in the east
    • 3.5Genetic evidence
  • 4.Sociolinguistics of post-catastrophe spreads
  • 5.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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Grünthal, Riho
2025. 712 Inherited features, grammatical change, and the influence of early language contacts in Finnic. In Convergence and Divergence in the Eastern Circum-Baltic Area, ► pp. 71 ff. DOI logo
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2025. Maritime networks as a vector for early farming/language dispersals: A comparative review. Quaternary Environments and Humans 3:2 ► pp. 100066 ff. DOI logo
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2025. 233 Towards an integrated account of the history of Northern Samoyedic. In Towards a Holistic Understanding of Language Contact in the Past, ► pp. 23 ff. DOI logo
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2025. Demographic History of Ancient Okunev People and Their Kin across Eurasia: A Patrilineal Perspective. Nature Anthropology 3:2 ► pp. 10006 ff. DOI logo
Ulla Nordfors & Maj Meriluoto
2025. Muinais-DNA: Avain menneisyyteen, DOI logo
Revesz, Peter Z.
2025. Data Mining Archaeogenetic and Linguistic Data Gives an Improved Chronology of the Uralic Language Family. Information 16:11 ► pp. 930 ff. DOI logo
Robbeets, Martine
2025. Language Dynamics and Natural Environment. In Reference Module in Social Sciences, DOI logo
Robbeets, Martine & Christian Leipe
2025. Climate change and the spread of the Transeurasian languages. Quaternary Environments and Humans 3:2 ► pp. 100071 ff. DOI logo
Wichmann, Søren
2025. WITHDRAWN: Impact of ecology, subsistence, and climate on language spread rates. Quaternary Environments and Humans ► pp. 100087 ff. DOI logo
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2025. Ancient DNA reveals the prehistory of the Uralic and Yeniseian peoples. Nature 644:8075 ► pp. 122 ff. DOI logo
Childebayeva, Ainash, Fabian Fricke, Adam Benjamin Rohrlach, Lei Huang, Stephan Schiffels, Outi Vesakoski, Kristiina Mannermaa, Lena Semerau, Franziska Aron, Konstantin Solodovnikov, Marina Rykun, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Valery Khartanovich, Igor Kovtun, Johannes Krause, Sergey Kuzminykh & Wolfgang Haak
2024. Bronze age Northern Eurasian genetics in the context of development of metallurgy and Siberian ancestry. Communications Biology 7:1 DOI logo
Laakso, Johanna
2024. Finnish: The Making of a Language beyond Myths. Journal of Finnish Studies 27:2 ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Németh, Endre & Sándor Szeverényi
2024. The origin of Uralic-speaking groups from a historical genetic point of view. Journal of Uralic Linguistics 3:1 ► pp. 30 ff. DOI logo
Janhunen, Juha A.
2023. The Unity and Diversity of Altaic. Annual Review of Linguistics 9:1 ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
Sinnemäki, Kaius & Noora Ahola
2023. Testing Inferences about Language Contact on Morphosyntax: A Typological Case Study on Alorese–Adang Contact. Transactions of the Philological Society 121:3 ► pp. 513 ff. DOI logo
Török, Tibor
2023. Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians. Genes 14:7 ► pp. 1345 ff. DOI logo
Ylikoski, Jussi
2023. Åarjelsaemien gïele goh dïhte jillemes uralske gïele jïh akte gieltegs dotkemeobjeekte. Nordlyd 47:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Bjørn, Rasmus G.
2022. Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia. Evolutionary Human Sciences 4 DOI logo
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2022. Uralic typology in the light of a new comprehensive dataset. Journal of Uralic Linguistics 1:1 ► pp. 4 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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