Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 40:1 (2023) ► pp.111–152
Reconstructing non-contrastive stress in Austronesian and the role of the mora in stress shift, gemination and vowel shift
Published online: 19 August 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20032.smi
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.20032.smi
Abstract
Competing schools of thought on the reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian stress contend that primary stress was
either regular (falling on the penultimate syllable with possible phonetic conditions that triggered stress shift to the final
syllable) or lexical (falling unpredictably either on the penult or ultima). In this study, I argue that the comparative evidence
supports the first position: that primary stress fell regularly on the penultimate syllable and was not lexical. Further, primary
stress was repelled to the final syllable if the penultimate syllable was open and contained a schwa nucleus. Three Austronesian
first-order subgroups, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Formosan, and Paiwan, are shown to directly continue the reconstructed stress
system of Proto-Austronesian, with stress falling regularly on the penultimate syllable but shifting to the final syllable after a
schwa.
I also argue that the inability of schwa to hold stress is a result not of quality, but rather of quantity, as it
is shown that schwa was a zero-weight vowel in Proto-Austronesian. Words with a schwa in the penultimate syllable, CəCVC, are
shown to be sub-minimal, containing only a single mora. Daughter languages in Malayo-Polynesian underwent multiple cases of
phonologically motivated drift, including consonant gemination, the deletion of penultimate schwa in three-syllable words, and
vowel shift. These sound changes are argued to be part of a phonological conspiracy whose outcome is the addition of a mora to
sub-minimal words. This study therefore offers both a reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian stress as well as a phonological
explanation for these various sound changes in Malayo-Polynesian.
Keywords: Proto-Austronesian, stress, phonological reconstruction, drift, sound change
Résumé
Des écoles de pensée concurrentes sur la reconstruction de l’accent proto-austronésien soutiennent que
l’accent primaire était soit régulier (tombant sur l’avant-dernière syllabe avec des conditions phonétiques possibles qui
entraînent le décalage de l’accent vers la syllabe finale), soit lexicale (tombant de manière imprévisible sur la pénultième ou
sur la dernière syllabe). Cette étude démontre que les preuves comparatives soutiennent la première position, à savoir que
l’accent primaire tombait régulièrement sur l’avant-dernière syllabe et n’était pas lexical. Par ailleurs, l’accent primaire était
repoussé vers la syllabe finale si la syllabe pénultième était ouverte et contenait un cheva. Trois sous-groupes austronésiens de
premier ordre (le malayo-polynésien, le formosan occidental et le paiwan) ont des systèmes d’accentuation remontant au système
reconstruit du proto-austronésien, l’accent tombant généralement sur l’avant-dernière syllabe mais avec un décalage vers la
syllabe finale après un cheva. On démontre aussi que le cheva ne peut recevoir l’accent non en raison de sa qualité, mais plutôt
de sa quantité, car il est démontré que le cheva était une voyelle de poids zéro en proto-austronésien. Les mots présentant un
cheva dans l’avant-dernière syllabe, CəCVC, sont considérés sous-minimaux, ne contenant qu’une seul more. Les langues filles du
malayo-polynésien ont subi de multiples cas de dérive phonologiquement motivée, notamment la gémination des consonnes, la
suppression du cheva pénultième dans les mots à trois syllabes et le décalage des voyelles. Ces changements sonores font partie
d’une conspiration phonologique dont le résultat est l’ajout d’une more à des mots sous-minimaux. Cette étude propose donc à la
fois une reconstitution de l’accentuation proto-austronésienne ainsi qu’une explication phonologique de ces différents changements
phonologiques en malayo-polynésien.
Abstrakt
Konkurrierende Denkschulen zur Rekonstruktion von proto-austronesischer Betonung behaupten, dass die
primäre Betonung entweder regelmäßig war (auf die vorletzte Silbe mit möglichen phonetischen Bedingungen, die eine
Betonungsverschiebung zur letzten Silbe auslösen) oder lexikalisch war (unvorhersehbar entweder auf die vorletzte oder die Ultima
fallend). In dieser Studie wird gezeigt, dass die vergleichende Evidenz die erste Position stützt, dass die primäre Betonung
regelmäßig auf die vorletzte Silbe fiel und nicht lexikalisch war. Außerdem wurde die primäre Betonung bis zur letzten Silbe
abgestoßen, wenn die vorletzte Silbe offen war und einen Schwa-Kern enthielt. Es wird gezeigt, dass drei austronesische
Untergruppen erster Ordnung, Malayo-Polynesisch, Westliches Formosa (Formosa-Sprache) und Paiwan, das rekonstruierte Stresssystem
des Proto-Austronesischen direkt fortsetzen, wobei die Betonung regelmäßig auf die vorletzte Silbe fällt, sich jedoch nach einem
Schwa auf die letzte Silbe verschiebt. Es wird auch gezeigt, dass die Unfähigkeit von Schwa, Betonung zu halten, nicht auf
Qualität, sondern eher auf Quantität zurückzuführen ist, da Schwa im Proto-Austronesischen ein Vokal mit Nullgewicht war. Wörter
mit einem Schwa in der vorletzten Silbe, CəCVC, sind subminimal und enthalten nur eine einzige Mora. Tochtersprachen im
Malayo-Polynesischen erlebten mehrere Fälle von phonologisch motivierter Abweichung, einschließlich Konsonanten-Gemination,
Streichung des vorletzten Schwa in dreisilbigen Wörtern und Vokalverschiebung. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Lautveränderungen Teil
einer phonologischen „conspiracy“ sind, deren Ergebnis das Hinzufügen einer Mora zu subminimalen Wörtern ist. Diese Studie bietet
daher sowohl eine Rekonstruktion der proto-austronesischen Betonung als auch eine phonologische Erklärung für diese verschiedenen
Lautänderungen im Malayo-Polynesischen.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Austronesian background
- 3.Proto-Austronesian stress
- 3.1Past proposals that reconstruct contrastive stress
- 3.2Evidence for penultimate stress with schwa-triggered stress shift
- 3.2.1Philippine languages where stress shifts to the final syllable after a penultimate schwa
- 3.2.2Penultimate stress with schwa-triggered stress shift in non-Philippine Malayo-Polynesian languages
- 3.2.3Formosan languages
- 3.4Summary of stress reconstruction
- 4.Why stress shift? An argument for a zero-mora schwa
- 4.1Variable weight
- 4.2Interaction of stress, gemination and schwa in Malayo-Polynesian
- 4.2.1Type one: Gemination with stress shift after schwa
- 4.2.2Type two: Gemination after schwa and strict penultimate stress
- 4.2.3Possible motivations for type-one and type-two stress responses to gemination
- i.Moraic requirement
- ii.Lexicalization
- iii.Superheavy ban
- iv.Moraic onsets
- 4.3Schwa-shift as a mora addition strategy
- 4.4Schwa deletion in three-or-more-syllable words
- 5.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
References
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