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Article published In: Diachronic Dimensions of Alignment Typology
Edited by Eystein Dahl
[Diachronica 38:3] 2021
► pp. 457–501

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Typology and diachrony of converbs in Indo-Aryan

ORCiD logo with link | Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
 | Ghent University
Published online: 10 August 2021
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19067.str
Abstract
Non-finite forms constitute an important component of the verbal system of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages. On the one hand, some of them, such as e.g., converbs, have already received proper attention in historical linguistics and typological literature, with regard to Old Indo-Aryan (OIA), Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) and New Indo-Aryan (NIA) (cf. Tikkanen, Bertil. 1987. The Sanskrit gerund: A synchronic, diachronic and typological analysis (Studia Orientalia 62). Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Peterson, John. 1998. Grammatical relations in Pāli and the emergence of ergativity in Indo-Aryan (LINCOM Studies in Indo-European Linguistics 01). München: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Subbārāo, Karumuri V. 2012. South Asian languages: A syntactic typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar among others). Other forms, such as participles, have usually been analysed in the wider context of reorganisation of a finite verbal system which led to alignment change (for recent discussion see Dahl, Eystein & Krzysztof Stroński (eds). 2016. Indo-Aryan ergativity in typological and diachronic perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). On the other hand, adverbial participles or infinitives have so far been under-studied (cf. Sigorskij, Aleksandr. 2005. Deepričastija v jazyke xindi. [Converbs in the Hindi language] Sbornik naučnyx trudov / MGIMO(U) MID Rossii 21(36). 54–63.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), particularly within early NIA. This period in the history of IA languages witnessed several important morphosyntactic developments and still requires in-depth study, particularly due to the lack of well-edited corpora. The aim of the present paper is to partly fill this gap by highlighting major trends in the development of constructions based on various non-finite forms in early NIA. We focus on main argument marking in converbal chain constructions and its interplay with the animacy hierarchy. We demonstrate a relative stability of differential case marking (DCM), focusing mainly on conditions on differential subject marking (DSM) and differential object marking (DOM). In addition, we compare converbal chain constructions with participial absolute constructions (AC). Finally, in order to give a holistic view of converbal constructions, we verify the type of linking instantiated by them, focusing on three scopal parameters in converbal constructions (Tense, Illocutionary Force and Negation) and using the apparatus of Role and Reference Grammar and Multivariate Analysis.
Zusammenfassung
Infinite Verbformen bilden einen wichtigen Bestandteil des verbalen Systems der indoarischen (IA) Sprachen. Einerseits haben einige von ihnen, wie z. B. Konverben, in der historischen Linguistik und typologischen Literatur in Bezug auf Altindoarisch (OIA), Mittelindoarisch (MIA) und Neuindoarisch (NIA) bereits die gebührende Aufmerksamkeit erhalten (vgl. Tikkanen, Bertil. 1987. The Sanskrit gerund: A synchronic, diachronic and typological analysis (Studia Orientalia 62). Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Peterson, John. 1998. Grammatical relations in Pāli and the emergence of ergativity in Indo-Aryan (LINCOM Studies in Indo-European Linguistics 01). München: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Subbārāo, Karumuri V. 2012. South Asian languages: A syntactic typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar unter anderen). Andere Formen, wie Partizipien, wurden normalerweise im weiten Kontext der Reorganisation des finiten verbalen Systems analysiert, was zur Änderung der Ausrichtung führte (für die rezente Diskussion siehe Dahl, Eystein & Krzysztof Stroński (eds). 2016. Indo-Aryan ergativity in typological and diachronic perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). Andererseits wurden adverbiale Partizipien oder Infinitive bisher wenig untersucht (vgl. Sigorskij, Aleksandr. 2005. Deepričastija v jazyke xindi. [Converbs in the Hindi language] Sbornik naučnyx trudov / MGIMO(U) MID Rossii 21(36). 54–63.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), insbesondere innerhalb der frühen NIA-Sprachen. Diese Periode in der Geschichte der IA Sprachen war Zeuge mehrerer wichtiger morphosyntaktischer Entwicklungen und erfordert noch eingehende Studien, insbesondere aufgrund des Mangels an gut bearbeiteten Korpora. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Lücke teilweise zu füllen, indem wichtige Trends bei der Entwicklung von Konstruktionen hervorgehoben werden, die auf verschiedenen infiniten Formen in frühen NIA Sprachen basieren. Wir fokussieren uns auf die Markierung der Hauptargumente in konverbalen Kettenkonstruktionen und deren Zusammenspiel mit der Belebtheitshierarchie. Wir demonstrieren eine relative Stabilität der Differential Case Marking (DCM), wobei wir uns hauptsächlich auf die Bedingungen für die Differential Subject Marking (DSM) und die Differential Object Marking (DOM) konzentrieren. Zusätzlich vergleichen wir konverbale Kettenkonstruktionen mit partizipialen absoluten Konstruktionen (AC). Um eine ganzheitliche Sicht auf konverbale Konstruktionen zu geben, werden wir schließlich die Art der von ihnen instanziierten Verknüpfung überprüfen, wobei wir uns auf drei Skopalparameter in konverbalen Konstruktionen (Zeitform, illokutionäre Kraft und Negation) konzentrieren und den Apparat der Rollen- und Referenzgrammatikund multivariate Analysemodelle verwenden.
Résumé
Les formes non finies constituent une composante importante du système verbal des langues indo-aryennes (IA). D’une part, certains d’entre eux, comme par ex. converbs, ont déjà reçu une attention appropriée dans la linguistique historique et la littérature typologique, en ce qui concerne le vieil indo-aryen (OIA), le moyen indo-aryen (MIA) et le nouvel indo-aryen (NIA) (cf.Tikkanen, Bertil. 1987. The Sanskrit gerund: A synchronic, diachronic and typological analysis (Studia Orientalia 62). Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Peterson, John. 1998. Grammatical relations in Pāli and the emergence of ergativity in Indo-Aryan (LINCOM Studies in Indo-European Linguistics 01). München: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Subbārāo, Karumuri V. 2012. South Asian languages: A syntactic typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar entre autres). D’autres formes, telles que les participes, ont généralement été analysées dans le vaste contexte de la réorganisation du système verbal fini qui a conduit à un changement d’alignement (pour une discussion récente, voir Dahl, Eystein & Krzysztof Stroński (eds). 2016. Indo-Aryan ergativity in typological and diachronic perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). D’autre part, les participes adverbiaux ou infinitifs ont jusqu’à présent été sous-étudiés (cf. Sigorskij, Aleksandr. 2005. Deepričastija v jazyke xindi. [Converbs in the Hindi language] Sbornik naučnyx trudov / MGIMO(U) MID Rossii 21(36). 54–63.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), en particulier au début de la NIA. Cette période de l’histoire des langues IA a connu plusieurs développements morphosyntaxiques importants et exige encore des études approfondies, en particulier étant donné le manque des corpus bien édités. Le but du présent article est de combler partiellement cette lacune en mettant en évidence les tendances les plus importantes dans le développement des constructions basées sur formes diverses non finies au début de la période NIA. Nous nous concentrons sur le marquage des arguments principaux dans les constructions de chaînes convergentes et son interaction avec la hiérarchie d’animation. Nous démontrerons la stabilité relative du marquage différentiel de cas (DCM), en se concentrant surtout sur les conditions de marquage différentiel du sujet (DSM) et de marquage différentiel de l’objet (DOM). De plus, nous comparerons les constructions de chaîne convergentes avec les constructions absolues participatives (AC). Enfin, afin de donner une vision holistique des constructions convergentes, nous vérifions le type de lien instancié par ces constructions. Nous nous concentrons sur trois paramètres de portée dans les constructions converbales (Temps, Force Illocutionnaire et Négation), en utilisant l’appareil de la grammaire de rôle et de référence et les modèles d’analyse multivariée.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Alignment and converbal chains in IA
  • 3.Coordination, subordination and cosubordination
  • 4.Main argument marking in converbal chain constructions
    • 4.1A-marking
    • 4.2Differential object marking
  • 5.The subject identity constraint (SIC)
  • 6.Absolute constructions
  • 7.Scope of selected operators
    • 7.1Tense scope
    • 7.2IF scope
    • 7.3NEG-operator
    • 7.4Concluding remarks on the scopal properties of CVB
  • 8.Concluding remarks
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • Primary sources
  • References
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