Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 38:1 (2021) ► pp.111–150
The loss of inflection as grammar complication
Evidence from Mainland Scandinavian
Published online: 4 December 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19050.sim
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19050.sim
Abstract
The loss of inflectional categories is often thought of as a type of simplification. In this paper we present a
survey of phenomena involving the reduction of adjective agreement in Scandinavian, using examples from Norwegian, and discuss
their diachronic origins, including a new account of the development of indeclinability in adjectives such as kry
‘proud’. These examples each involve lexically restricted non-canonical inflection – syncretism, defectiveness,
overdifferentiation and periphrasis – in particular paradigm cells or syntactic environments. They show that the loss of
inflection does not necessarily simplify grammar, and in some cases, can increase grammatical complexity by adding lexical
exceptions to general rules. This excludes simplification as the motivation, even if it is the eventual result. We argue from
these historical developments that speakers are liable to analyse idiosyncratic patterns of inflection as lexically specified,
even where more general (but perhaps more abstract) alternatives are possible. Thus speakers do not always operate with a
maximally elegant, reductionist approach to inflection classes.
Zusammenfassung
Der Verlust von Flexionskategorien wird oft als Vereinfachung beschrieben. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir
anhand norwegischer Beispiele eine Übersicht über Phänomene, die für den Abbau von Adjektivkongruenz im Skandinavischen relevant
sind. Ihr diachroner Hintergrund wird erörtert und eine neue Erklärung für die Entwicklung von Unflektierbarkeit in Adjektiven wie
kry ‘stolz’ vorgeschlagen. Unsere Beispiele enthalten alle lexikalisch konditionierte nicht-kanonische
Flexion – Synkretismus, Defektivität, Überdifferenzierung und Periphrase – in bestimmten ‘Zellen’ im Paradigma oder bestimmten
syntaktischen Kontexten. Die Beispiele zeigen, dass der Verlust von Flexion nicht zwingend eine Vereinfachung der Grammatik
bedeutet. In einigen Fällen nimmt die grammatische Komplexität sogar zu, indem lexikalische Ausnahmen zu den allgemeinen Regeln
hinzugefügt werden. Dies schließt Vereinfachung als Motivation aus, auch wenn sie die mögliche Folge ist. Aus den historischen
Entwicklungen schließen wir, dass die Sprecher idiosynkratische Muster in der Flexion als lexikalisch spezifiziert analysieren,
selbst wenn generellere (aber vielleicht auch abstraktere) Alternativen möglich wären. Folglich gehen Sprecher nicht immer von der
elegantesten, reduktionistischen Auffassung von Flexionsklassen aus.
Résumé
On considère souvent la perte des classes flexionnelles comme une sorte de simplification. Dans cet article
nous passons en revue des phénomènes impliquant la réduction de l’accord de l’adjectif dans les langues scandinaves, avant de
considérer leurs origines d’un point de vue diachronique, et notamment une nouvelle analyse de la naissance d’une nouvelle classe
d’adjectifs indéclinables tels que kry ‘fier’. Chacun de ces exemples se caractérise par une inflexion non
canonique lexicalement conditionnée – syncrétisme, défectivité, sur-différentiation et périphrase – en particulier à certaines
cellules d’un paradigme ou à certains environnements syntaxiques. Les exemples montrent que l’attrition flexionnelle ne simplifie
pas toujours la grammaire, au contraire, elle peut dans certains cas augmenter sa complexité en créant des exceptions lexicales à
des règles dont le domaine d’application est général. Même si l’attrition flexionnelle peut à la longue entraîner une
simplification de la grammaire, il est peu plausible que la simplification elle-même soit une force motrice. Sur la base de ces
évolutions historiques, nous proposons que les locuteurs tendent à analyser des schémas flexionnels idiosyncratiques comme étant
conditionnés lexicalement, même lorsque des analyses alternatives d’application plus générale (mais peut être plus abstraites)
sont possibles. Ainsi, les généralisations concernant les classes flexionnelles que les locuteurs adoptent ne sont pas toujours
les plus élégantes ni les plus simples.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 1.1Scandinavian nominal inflection
- 1.2The loss of inflection as simplification
- 2.Lexically restricted loss of gender agreement
- 2.1Adjectives ending in -(l)ig
- 2.2Adjectives ending in -sk
- 3.Lexically restricted loss of gender and number agreement
- 3.1Syntactically distinct adjectives
- 3.2Loanwords
- 3.3Adjectives ending in unstressed -e and -a
- 3.4Syncretism and defectiveness
- 4.Overdifferentiation: The case of liten ‘small’
- 5.Agreement loss, inflection classes, and complexity
- 6.Adjective gradation
- 7.The loss of inflection and relevance
- 8.Syntactically conditioned loss of inflection
- 9.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
References
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