Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 37:4 (2020) ► pp.451–473
Verbal borrowability and turnover rates
Published online: 7 September 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19032.ark
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19032.ark
Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that verbs are more difficult to borrow than nouns. Recent studies have supported this claim,
inferring it from the fact that synchronically almost every language studied contains a larger proportion of identifiable borrowings among
nouns than among verbs. In this paper, I demonstrate that, while true, there is a logical fallacy in this inference. Using a large
diachronic corpus of Russian texts, I show that verbs have lower turnover rates and, consequently, longer life expectancies than nouns,
i.e., they are generally more difficult to replace. I argue that this fact alone could theoretically result in the synchronically observed
disparities. The hypothesis of cross-linguistically lower verbal turnover rates, which I propose based on these findings, is difficult to
verify directly on a large sample of languages. However, it makes a non-trivial prediction, which can be tested more easily. It predicts
that if a contact situation lasted for a while, but ceased to exist several centuries ago, the proportion of verbs borrowed during that
period and surviving to the present day may equal or exceed the proportion of such borrowings among nouns. The data found in the World
Loanword Database (Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). 2009. Loanwords in the world’s languages. A comparative handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ) are consistent with this prediction, thus
providing evidence in favor of the hypothesis.
Résumé
On admet généralement qu’il est plus difficile d’emprunter les verbes que les noms. C’est d’ailleurs ce que l’on
constate avec de récentes études basées sur les données synchroniques de diverses langues, dans lesquelles une plus grande part des emprunts
identifiés appartiendrait à la catégorie des noms qu’à celle des verbes. Dans cet article, je démontre que cette inférence comporte une
erreur logique. En effet, les données diachroniques d’un large corpus de textes russes montrent que les verbes ont un taux de renouvellement
beaucoup plus faible et perdurent sur une période de temps plus longue et sont ainsi plus difficiles à renouveler. Cette analyse paraît
expliquer ces disparités synchroniques que l’on observe actuellement. Néanmoins, cette hypothèse du faible taux de renouvellement des verbes
que je propose sur la base de mes découvertes demeure difficilement vérifiable sur un large échantillon de données de langues. Pourtant, une
prédiction non-triviale en découle, qui pourrait être testée plus facilement. Elle avance que si les contacts et échanges entre les langues
se sont produits il y a plusieurs siècles, la proportion des verbes empruntés pendant cette période et encore en usage aujourd’hui peut être
égale ou supérieure à celle des noms empruntés. Cette conjecture est cohérente et semble confirmée par les données disponibles du World
Loanword Database (Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). 2009. Loanwords in the world’s languages. A comparative handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ).
Zusammenfassung
Nach der gängigen Meinung sind Verben schwieriger zu entlehnen als Nomen. Neuere Studien stützen diese Behauptung
mit dem Argument, dass synchron betrachtet fast jede untersuchte Sprache einen größeren Anteil an identifizierbaren Entlehnungen unter den
Nomen als unter den Verben aufweist. In dieser Arbeit demonstriere ich, dass diese Schlussfolgerung einen logischen Fehlschluss birgt. Unter
Verwendung eines großen diachronen Korpus russischsprachiger Texte zeige ich, dass Verben eine niedrigere Fluktuationsrate und folglich eine
höhere Lebenserwartung als Nomen haben; sie sind also im Allgemeinen schwieriger zu ersetzen. Ich argumentiere, dass allein diese Tatsache
theoretisch zu den synchron beobachteten Unterschieden führen könnte. Es ist schwierig, die Hypothese von sprachübergreifend niedrigeren
verbalen Fluktuationsraten, die ich basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen aufstelle, direkt anhand einer großen Stichprobe von Sprachen zu
überprüfen. Allerdings trifft sie eine nicht triviale Vorhersage, die leichter getestet werden kann. Sie sagt vorher, dass bei einiger Zeit
andauernder, aber seit einigen Jahrhunderten nicht mehr bestehender Kontaktsituation der Anteil der Verben, die während dieses Zeitraums
entlehnt wurden und bis in die Gegenwart überlebt haben, den Anteil solcher Entlehnungen unter den Nomen erreichen oder überschreiten kann.
Die Daten in der World Loanword Database (Haspelmath, Martin & Uri Tadmor (eds.). 2009. Loanwords in the world’s languages. A comparative handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ) stimmen mit dieser
Vorhersage überein und liefern somit Evidenz zugunsten dieser Hypothese.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Data and processing
- 3.Turnover rates and their consequences
- 4.Testing the hypothesis: World loanword database
- 5.Conclusion
- Note
References
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