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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 37:4 (2020) ► pp.540–576

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Palenquero origins

A tale of more than two languages

 | Stockholm University
ORCiD logo with link | Jagiellonian University Krakow
Published online: 15 July 2020
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19019.par
Abstract
Palenquero is a Spanish-lexified creole spoken in Columbia. We argue that existing hypotheses regarding its birth are problematic in several regards. This article addresses the inconsistencies in these hypotheses and provides an alternative, more coherent account. More precisely, we take issue with the following three claims: (a) Palenquero is the result of a two-language encounter; (b) it has its roots in a West African Afro-Portuguese proto-variety; (c) an ancestral form of the creole emerged in the port city of Cartagena. We then set out to present our own, more economical, formation scenario, according to which Palenquero was formed in the early 1600s in the linguistically heterogenous maroon communities of the Cartagenan hinterlands.
Résumé
Le Palenquero est un créole à base lexicale espagnole qui se parle en Colombie. À notre avis, les hypothèses existantes concernant sa naissance posent plusieurs problèmes, et cet article propose un compte alternatif plus cohérent. Plus précisément, nous contestons les trois affirmations suivantes: (a) Le Palenquero est le résultat d’une rencontre entre deux langues seulement; (b) il s’est developé à partir d’une proto-variété afro-portugaise; (c) une forme ancestrale du créole s’est formé dans la ville portuaire de Carthagène-des-Indes. Nous présentons ensuite notre propre scénario de formation, plus économique, selon lequel le Palenquero aurait été formé au début des années 1600 dans les communautés marrons plurilingues de l’arrière-pays de Carthagène.
Zusammenfassung
Palenquero ist eine spanischsprachige Kreolsprache, die in Kolumbien gesprochen wird. Wir argumentieren, dass die bestehende Hypothesen bezüglich ihrer Entstehung in mehrfacher Hinsicht problematisch sind. Dieser Artikel behandelt diese Inkonsistenzen und bietet eine alternative, kohärentere Darstellung. Genauer gesagt, wir stellen die folgenden drei Behauptungen in Frage: (a) Palenquero ist das Ergebnis einer zweisprachigen Begegnung; b) sie hat ihre Wurzeln in einer afro-portugiesischen Protosprache; (c) die Sprache ist in der Hafenstadt Cartagena entstanden. Wir stellen danach unser eigenes, effizienteres Entstehungsszenario vor, laut welchem Palenquero im frühen 17. Jahrhundert in den sprachlich heterogenen sogenannten Maroon-Gruppen des Cartagener Hinterlandes gebildet wurde.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The single substrate hypothesis
  • 3.Afrogenesis?
    • 3.1Palenquero is a Spanish-lexified creole, both synchronically and diachronically
    • 3.2Afro-Portuguese substrate influence? Possibly, but from Upper, not Lower, Guinea
  • 4.A birth in Cartagena?
    • 4.1Demographics
    • 4.2(Lack of) early attestations
    • 4.3Lack of a creole in other parts of Colombia
  • 5.So, what do we think happened?
  • 6.Two remaining questions
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
References (158)
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Parkvall, Mikael & Bart Jacobs
2023. Returning a maverick creole to the fold: the Berbice Dutch enigma revisited. Folia Linguistica 57:1 ► pp. 177 ff. DOI logo
Pérez Pinzón, Luis Rubén
2022. Cartagena de Indias. Dinámicas urbanas de gentrificación desde su centro histórico. Historia Y Memoria :26 ► pp. 95 ff. DOI logo
Smith, Hiram L.
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