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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 37:3 (2020) ► pp.368–409

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The distribution, reconstruction and varied fates of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)

Implications for the reconstruction of an early Trans-Himalayan environment

ORCiD logo with link | The University of Sydney
Published online: 3 August 2020
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19018.pos
Abstract
Topographical deixis refers to a variety of spatial-environmental deixis, in which typically distal reference to entities is made in terms of a set of topographically-anchored referential planes: most often, upward, downward, or on the same level. This article reviews the genealogical and geographic distribution of topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) languages, reviews the conditions in which topographical deixis in Trans-Himalayan languages may be gained or lost, and concludes that (a) topographical deixis is overwhelmingly found in languages spoken in montane environments, and (b) topographical deixis most likely reconstructs to a deep level within Trans-Himalayan. The language spoken at that level – whose precise phylogenetic status cannot yet be specified – was overwhelmingly likely to have been spoken in a montane environment.
Résumé
La deixis topographique fait référence à une variété de deixis spatial-environnemental, dans lequel une référence distale à des entités est typiquement faite en termes d’un ensemble de plans référentiels ancrés topographiquement: le plus souvent, à la hausse, à la baisse ou au même niveau. Cet article examine le distribution généalogique et géographique de deixis topographique en langues trans-himalayennes (sino-tibétaines), examine les conditions dans lesquelles la deixis topographique en langues transhimalayennes peut être acquise ou perdue, et conclut que (a) la deixis topographique se trouve principalement dans les langues parlées dans les régions montagnardes et (b) le deixis topographique reconstruit très probablement à un niveau profond au sein du trans-himalayen. La langue parlée à ce niveau – dont le statut phylogénétique précis ne peut pas encore être précisé – avait très probablement été parlée dans un environnement montagnard.
Zusammenfassung
Topographische Deixis bezieht sich auf eine Variante der Raum-Umgebungsdeixis, in der typischerweise distaler Bezug auf Einheiten einer Menge topographisch verankerter Bezugsebenen hergestellt wird: am häufigsten aufwärts, abwärts oder auf derselben Ebene. Dieser Beitrag überprüft die genealogische und geographische Verteilung topographischer Deixis in transhimalayischen (sinotibetischen) Sprachen. Er untersucht dabei die Bedingungen, unter denen topographische Deixis in transhimalayischen Sprachen auf- oder abgebaut werden kann, und folgert: (a) topographische Deixis tritt überwiegend in Sprachen auf, die in Gebirgsumgebungen gesprochen werden, und (b) topographische Deixis geht höchstwahrscheinlich zurück auf eine tiefe Stufe innerhalb des Transhimalayischen. Die auf dieser Stufe gesprochene Sprache, deren präziser phylogenetischer Status noch nicht bestimmt werden kann, wurde höchstwahrscheinlich in einer Gebirgsumgebung gesprochen.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Topographical deixis
  • 3.Distribution in Trans-Himalayan
    • 3.1Survey and methods
    • 3.2Discussion
      • 3.2.1Kiranti
      • 3.2.2Macro-Tani (Tani and Siangic)
      • 3.2.3Lolo-Burmese
      • 3.2.4Kachinic and Brahmaputran (“Sal”)
      • 3.2.5Tamangic, Bodish, East Bodish, West Himalayish, ‘Olekha (Black Mountain) and Tshangla
      • 3.2.6Lepcha
      • 3.2.7rGyalrongic-Qiangic, Ěrsūish and Naic
      • 3.2.8Mishmic
      • 3.2.9Kho-Bwa
      • 3.2.10“Hrusish” (Hruso and Mijiic)
      • 3.2.11Nungish
      • 3.2.12Kuki-Chin, and other language groups of the Indo-Myanmar border region
      • 3.2.13Other subgroups
  • 4.Historical status
    • 4.1Summary of genealogical distribution
    • 4.2Summary of geographic distribution
    • 4.3Conservation or parallel innovation?
    • 4.4Implications for Trans-Himalayan prehistory
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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