Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 19:2 (2002) ► pp.273–332
On the (African) origins of Palenquero subject pronouns
Published online: 4 April 2003
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19.2.03sch
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.19.2.03sch
Summary
A principal aim of this paper is to show that (1) the Palenquero (Colombia) pronominal system in toto needs to be
revised in the direction of greater Africanicity, and (2) speakers of Kikongo must have played a dominant role in the formation
of Palenquero. This study offers evidence for the multiple (European, African, and Euro-African) origins of the Palenquero
person/number markers. I argue that the traditional etymological analyses of these markers are fundamentally flawed in two
respects: First, i- (1sg.), o- (2sg.), and e- (3sg.) — allegedly Spanish-derived pronouns
— are actually of African rather than European descent; and second, the genesis of y- ‘I’ involved
convergence instead of direct linear descent from a single language (i.e., Spanish yo). This investigation revindicates
earlier studies that have sought to emphasize the importance of the African substrate to the evolution of Atlantic contact
vernaculars in general.
Résumé
Le but principal de cet article est de montrer (1) que le système pronominal du palenquero (Colombie) est globalement
plus africain qu’on ne l’admet généralement, et (2) que le kikongo a dû jouer un rôle
important dans la formation de cette langue. Cette étude offre des arguments en faveur d’origines multiples
(européennes, africaines et euro-africaines) pour le système pronominal palenquero, et montre que les analyses
étymologiques traditionnelles des pronoms palenqueros souffrent de plusieurs défauts (par exemple, je montre que
i- (1sg.), o- (2sg.) et e- (3sg.) ne sont pas d’origine européenne, mais africaine). Cet article
tend donc à confirmer les études antérieures qui ont cherché a souligner l’importance du substrat
africain dans l’évolution des langues de contact atlantiques en général.
Zusammenfassung
Ein Hauptziel dieser Studie ist zu zeigen, dass (1) das Pronominalsystem im Palenquero (Kolumbien) in toto
stärker von afrikanischen Sprachen als bisher angenommen beinflusst wurde, und (2) Kikongo eine wichtige Rolle in der
Genese des Palenquero gespielt hat. Dieser Beitrag liefert Beweise für den unterschiedlichen (afrikanischen,
europäischen, und euroafrikanischen) Ursprung verschiedener Palenquero-Pronomen. Die Studie zeigt auch, dass die
traditionellen etymologischen Analysen dieser Pronomen revidiert werden müssen (die Pronominalformen i-
(1sg.), o- (2sg.), und e- (3sg.) zum Beispiel haben keinen europäischen sondern einen afrikanischen
Ursprung). Meine Schlussfolgerungen unterstützen diejenigen Studien, die versucht haben, die Wichtigkeit des
afrikanischen Substrats in der Genese der atlantischen Kontaktsprachen ganz allgemein hervorzuheben.
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