Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 37:4 (2020) ► pp.514–539
A long birth
The development of gender-specific paucal constructions in Russian
Published online: 3 August 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18057.nes
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18057.nes
Abstract
This article investigates the diachronic development of Russian numeral constructions consisting of a paucal
numeral (dva “two”, tri “three”, četyre “four”) followed by an adjective and a
noun. Based on statistical analysis of more than 6,000 corpus examples, it is shown that a split took place in the second half of
the twentieth century when feminine nouns developed a different agreement pattern from that of masculine and neuter nouns. This
split is argued to represent the final step in a long “birth process” of gender-specific paucal constructions that started with
the loss of the dual in the Middle Ages. It is suggested that we are witnessing a cascading effect, whereby the feminine pattern
develops when the pattern for masculine and neuter nouns is approaching stabilization. The article furthermore includes a
discussion of the hypothesis that “S-curves” represent a template for language change. While the documented changes resemble
S-curves, the proposed analysis also addresses some general problems with testing the S-curve hypothesis empirically.
Résumé
Dans cet article on examine le développement diachronique des constructions numérales du russe qui se
composent d’un paucal (dva ‘deux’, tri ‘trois’, četyre ‘quatre’) suivi d’un
adjectif et d’un nom. S’appuyant sur une analyse statistique de plus de 6000 exemples tirés de corpus, nous montrons qu’un
changement a eu lieu dans la deuxième moitié du vingtième siècle lorsque les noms féminins ont développé un modèle d’accord
différent de celui des noms masculins et neutres. On a soutenu que ce changement représente la dernière étape d’un long «
processus de naissance » des constructions paucales spécifiques au genre grammatical qui aurait commencé avec la disparition du
duel au Moyen Age. On propose qu’un effet en cascade se réalise: le modèle féminin continuant à se développer tandis que le modèle
des noms masculins et neutres serait en voie de stabilisation. En outre, l’article comprend une discussion sur l’hypothèse que les
« courbes en S » représentent un gabarit de changement linguistique. Si les changements documentés ressemblent à des courbes en S,
l’analyse proposée aborde également quelques problèmes généraux liés au test empirique de l’hypothèse des courbes en S.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel untersucht die diachrone Entwicklung russischer Numeralkonstruktionen, die aus einem paukalen
Numeral (dva ‘zwei’, tri ‘drei’, četyre ‘vier’) gefolgt von einem Adjektiv und
einem Nomen bestehen. Basierend auf einer statistischen Analyse von über 6.000 Korpusbelegen wird gezeigt, dass in der zweiten
Hälfte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts eine Spaltung stattfand, als feminine Nomen ein eigenes Kongruenzmuster entwickelten, das sich
von dem maskuliner und neutraler Nomen unterscheidet. Es wird argumentiert, dass diese Spaltung der letzte Schritt eines langen
„Geburtsprozesses“ genusspezifischer Paukalkonstruktionen ist, der im Mittelalter mit dem Verlust des Duals begann. Es wird
vorgeschlagen, dass wir einen Kaskadeneffekt beobachten können, in dem sich das feminine Muster erst bildet, wenn sich das der
maskulinen und neutralen Nomen stabilisiert. Der Artikel diskutiert weiterhin die Hypothese, dass „S-Kurven“ ein Muster für
Sprachwandel bilden. Obwohldie dokumentierten Veränderungen S-Kurven ähneln, thematisiert die vorgeschlagene Analyse auch einige
generelle Probleme beim empirischen Testen der S-Kurven-Hypothese.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Historical background
- 3.Corpus investigation 1: Random Forest and logistic regression
- 4.Corpus investigation 2: CART and logistic regression
- 5.S-curves in language change – A cascading effect?
- 6.Concluding remarks
- Notes
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