Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 37:2 (2020) ► pp.178–214
r-Epenthesis and the bigrade alternation
The role of phonological distance in the regularization of Japanese verbal inflection
Published online: 3 July 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18038.dec
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18038.dec
Abstract
For Japanese verbal suffixes sensitive to the C/V status of the stem-final segment, C-stem alternants are underlying, and regular V-stem alternants result from intervocalic epenthesis of r at stem boundary (. 2016. Description and explanation in morphophonology: The case of Japanese verb inflection. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 251. 37–80. ). This “Analysis A” entails that any V-stem suffix not consisting of r plus its C-stem counterpart is irregular and subject to replacement. While the r-Epenthesis rule of Analysis A is naturally understood as a generalization of the r-zero alternation of three suffixes that have shown it since the eighth century, however, the innovative r-initial suffixes of other categories do not appear until the eighteenth. This lag is illuminated by the dialects of Kyūshū, where adoption of Analysis A is blocked by the “bigrade” stem alternation, which in most dialects was leveled in the seventeenth century. Building on a discussion of leveling that treats that phenomenon as a subtype of regularization, it is proposed in explanation of this “bigrade blocking” effect that the order in which alternations become subject to regularization is constrained by the phonological distance between alternants. Investigation of the possibility that the bigrade alternation and Analysis A are related by a triggering effect as well as by a blocking effect then leads to an account of the adoption of Analysis A that, similarly, relies crucially on the concept of phonological distance. Throughout, the focus is on the role of language-internal factors in determining the timing of analogical change.
Résumé
Pour les suffixes verbaux japonais sensibles à la polarité C/V du segment final du radical, les variantes C-radical sont sous-jacentes, et les variantes régulières V-radical résultent d’épenthèse intervocalique de r à la frontière du radical et du suffixe (. 2016. Description and explanation in morphophonology: The case of Japanese verb inflection. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 251. 37–80. ). Cette “Analyse A” implique que tout suffixe V-radical ne consistant pas en r plus le suffixe C-radical correspondant est irrégulier et susceptible d’être remplacé. Cependant, bien que l’épenthèse en r s’entende naturellement comme un cas de généralisation de l’alternance r-zéro de trois suffixes qui l’ont montrée depuis le huitième siècle, les suffixes novateurs r-initiaux des autres catégories n’apparaissent pas avant le dix-huitième. Ce décalage s’éclaire par les dialectes Kyūshū, où l’adoption de l’Analyse A est bloquée par l’alternance radical «bigrade», qui a été éliminée dans la plupart des dialectes au dix-septième siècle. S’appuyant sur une discussion sur le nivellement qui considère ce phénomène comme un sous-type de régularisation, on propose comme explication de cet effet de «blocage bigrade» que l’ordre dans lequel les alternances subissent la régularisation est contraint par la distance phonologique entre alternants. L’étude de la possibilité que l’alternance bigrade et l’Analyse A soient liées par un effet déclencheur ainsi que par un effet de blocage conduit enfin à une nouvelle interprétation de l’adoption de l’Analyse A.
Zusammenfassung
Bei japanischen Verbalsuffixen, die nach der C/V-Polarität des stammfinalen Segments wechseln, liegen C-Stamm-Alternativen zugrunde, und reguläre V-Stamm-Alternativen resultieren aus der intervokalischen Epenthese von r an der Stammgrenze (. 2016. Description and explanation in morphophonology: The case of Japanese verb inflection. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 251. 37–80. ). Diese „Analyse A“ hat zur Folge, dass jedes V-Stamm-Suffix, das nicht aus r plus seinem C-Stamm-Gegenstück besteht, unregelmäßig ist und ersetzt werden muss. Während r-Epenthese normalerweise als eine Verallgemeinerung des r-Null-Wechsels von drei Suffixen verstanden wird, die diesen seit dem achten Jahrhundert zeigen, erscheinen die innovativen r-initialen-Suffixe anderer Kategorien jedoch erst im achtzehnten. Diese Verzögerung wird durch die Kyūshū-Dialekte beleuchtet, bei denen die Übernahme von Analyse A durch den „Bigrade“-Stammwechsel, der in den meisten Dialekten im siebzehnten Jahrhundert ausgeglichen wurde, blockiert wird. Aufbauend auf einer Diskussion von Leveling-Prozessen, die dieses Phänomen als Subtyp der Regularisierung behandelt, wird zur Erklärung dieses „Bigrade-Blocking“-Effekts vorgeschlagen, dass die Reihenfolge, in der Alternationen der Regularisierung unterliegen, durch den phonologischen Abstand zwischen Alternativen eingeschränkt wird. Die Untersuchung der Möglichkeit, dass der Bigrade-Wechsel und die Analyse A durch einen auslösenden sowie einen blockierenden Effekt zusammenhängen, führt schließlich zu einer neuen Ausdeutung der Annahme von Analyse A.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background: Japanese verbal suffix alternations and their analysis
- 3.Bigrade blocking: A restriction on the adoption of Analysis A
- 3.1The phenomenon of bigrade blocking
- 3.2A class of apparent exceptions to the bigrade blocking hypothesis
- 3.3The extent of conformity with the bigrade blocking hypothesis
- 3.4Representational approaches to bigrade blocking
- 3.5Approaches to bigrade blocking based on recharacterization of Analysis A
- 4.Prolegomenon: On leveling
- 4.1Leveling and extension as subtypes of regularization
- 4.2Additional motivation for leveling?
- 4.2.1A test case
- 4.2.2Proportionality and associative interference
- 5.Toward an explanation of bigrade blocking
- 5.1Phonological distance as a factor in leveling
- 5.2Blocking: Phonological distance and the course of regularization in Japanese
- 5.3The question of triggering effects
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
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