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Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 38:2 (2021) ► pp.151–188

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The Tupí-Guaraní language family

A phylogenetic classification

ORCiD logo with link | Universität Tübingen
 | Universität Tübingen
Published online: 1 February 2021
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https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer
Abstract
Attempts to classify Tupí-Guaraní languages have so far been inconsistent with archaeological evidence and ignored information from historical sources. The case of Tupinambá is most illustrative in this regard. Using both Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and a stochastic algorithm that reconstructs phylogenetic trees by relying on maximum likelihood estimation, we suggest a new internal classification of the Tupí-Guaraní branch. The results of the analyses are in accordance with the most recent genetic research on Tupían populations and challenge previous classifications by suggesting, among others, that Tupinambá should not be considered a ‘Guaraní’ language.
Zusammenfassung
Bisherige Klassifizierungsversuche von Tupí-Guaraní-Sprachen sind oft durch keine archäologischen Funde gestützt und berücksichtigen kaum Informationen aus vefügbaren historischen Quellen. Sehr anschaulich ist in dieser Hinsicht der Fall von Tupinambá. Unter Verwendung sowohl der Bayes’schen phylogenetischen Analyse als auch eines stochastischen Algorithmus, der phylogenetische Bäume mittels Maximum-Likelihood-Schätzungen rekonstruiert, schlagen wir eine neue interne Klassifizierung der Tupí-Guaraní-Sprachen vor. Die Ergebnisse unserer Analysen zeigen unter anderem, dass Tupinambá nicht als eine Guaraní-Sprache betrachtet werden sollte. In diesem Punkt stimmen sie mit den Resultaten jüngster genetischer Forschung zu den TupíPopulationen überein.
Résumé
Les tentatives de classification des langues tupí-guaraní ont jusqu’à présent été incompatibles avec les preuves archéologiques et nintègrent pas les informations provenant de sources historiques. Le cas du tupinambá est très illustratif à cet égard. En utilisant à la fois l’analyse phylogénétique bayésienne et un algorithme stochastique qui reconstruit les arbres phylogénétiques en s’appuyant sur l’estimation du maximum de vraisemblance, nous proposons une nouvelle classification interne de la famille linguistique tupí-guaraní. Les résultats des analyses remettent en question les classifications précédentes en suggérant, entre autres, que le tupinambá ne devrait pas être considéré comme une langue ńguaraníż. Ces résultats sont également conformes aux recherches génétiques les plus récentes sur ces populations (dites ń tupi ż).
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Materials and methods
    • 2.1Data and cognate assignment
    • 2.2NeighborNet network
    • 2.3Bayesian analyses
    • 2.4Maximum likelihood analysis
  • 3.Results
  • 4.Previous classifications
    • 4.1Sources of confusion
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
References (124)
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Cited by (7)

Cited by seven other publications

Carvalho, Fernando O. de
2025. The (morpho)phonology of oral stop consonants in Proto-Tupi-Guarani: open issues, closed issues and new issues. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 20:3 DOI logo
Castro e Silva, Marcos Araújo & Tábita Hünemeier
2025. A multidisciplinary overview on the Tupi‐speaking people expansion. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 186:1 DOI logo
Dhakal, Dubi Nanda, Johann-Mattis List, Seán G Roberts & Michael Dunn
2024. A phylogenetic study of South-Western Tibetic. Journal of Language Evolution 9:1-2 ► pp. 14 ff. DOI logo
Carvalho, Fernando
2023. Proto-Tupi-Guarani had no palatalized velar stop. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 18:1 DOI logo
Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício, Tiago Tresoldi, Carolina Coelho Aragon, Stanislav Reichert, Jonas Gregorio de Souza, Francisco Silva Noelli & Søren Wichmann
2023. Lexical phylogenetics of the Tupí-Guaraní family: Language, archaeology, and the problem of chronology. PLOS ONE 18:6 ► pp. e0272226 ff. DOI logo
Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz, Carolina Coelho Aragon & Stanislav Reichert
2022. KAHD: Katukinan-Arawan-Harakmbut Database (Pre-release). Journal of Open Humanities Data 8 DOI logo
Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz, Stanislav Reichert & Carolina Coelho Aragon
2021. TuLeD (Tupían lexical database): introducing a database of a South American language family. Language Resources and Evaluation 55:4 ► pp. 997 ff. DOI logo

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