Cover not available

Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 36:3 (2019) ► pp.337–383

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

Borrowing from an unrelated language in support of intragenetic tendencies

The case of the conditional clitic =sa in Udi

 | Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences | HSE University, Russia
Published online: 17 September 2019
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18019.mai
Abstract
Udi is a Nakh-Daghestanian (Lezgic) language spoken in northern Azerbaijan, which has undergone many contact-induced changes due to the influence of unrelated languages of the eastern Caucasus (Indo-European, Turkic). A recent change is the borrowing of the conditional enclitic =sa from Azerbaijani (Turkic). In Udi, this marker can combine with finite indicative tenses, resulting in a series of derived ‘realis’ conditional mood forms. The clitic is also used to create an indefiniteness marker, which derives indefinite pronouns from interrogative ones. Prior to the borrowing of the Azerbaijani morpheme there was no comparable marker in Udi available to fulfil these functions, while other Lezgic languages employ their own native grammatical means for the same functions (conditional clitics or auxiliaries). The acquisition of the borrowed clitic has thus made Udi more and not less structurally isomorphic with respect to the other languages of the Lezgic branch. This paper develops a description of functions related to the domain of conditional mood on various stages of the history of Udi, and suggests a diachronic scenario for the borrowing of the Azerbaijani marker =sa.
Résumé
L’udi est une langue caucasique de l’Est (branche lezguique) parlée en Azerbaïdjan du Nord qui a subi de nombreux changements en raison de l’influence de langues non apparentées de l’Est du Caucase (indo-européennes, turques). L’emprunt de l’enclitique conditionnel =sa à l’azéri (langue turque) a eu lieu à une date relativement récente. En udi, ce marqueur peut s’appliquer à des temps finis de l’indicatif pour produire une série de formes dérivées exprimant le mode conditionnel réel. Ce clitique s’emploie aussi pour créer un marqueur indéfini qui dérive des pronoms indéfinis à partir de pronoms interrogatifs. Avant l’acquisition de ce morphème par emprunt à l’azéri, l’udi ne présentait aucun marqueur comparable remplissant ces fonctions, tandis que les autres langues lezguiques ont pour ces fonctions des clitiques ou auxiliaires conditionnels d’origine autochtone. Ainsi, l’acquisition de ce clitique a-t-il rapproché l’udi des autres langues de la branche lezguique, sur le plan typologique, plutôt que de l’en éloigner.
Zusammenfassung
Udisch ist eine nakh-Dagestanische (lesgische) Sprache, die im Norden Aserbaidschans gesprochen wird und aufgrund des Einflusses nicht verwandter Sprachen des östlichen Kaukasusraums (Indoeuropäisch, Turksprachen) viele kontaktbedingte Wandlungsprozesse durchlaufen hat. Eine relativ neue Entwicklung ist die Entlehnung des Konditionalklitikums =sa aus dem Aserbaidschanischen (d.h. einer Turksprache). Im Udischen kann sich dieses Klitikum mit finiten indikativischen Tempusformen verbinden, was zu einer Reihe abgeleiteter Realis-Formen des Konditionals geführt hat. Das Klitikum wird auch zur Markierung von Indefinitheit verwendet, indem es Indefinitpronomina aus Interrogativpronomina ableitet. Vor der Entlehnung dieses aserbaidschanischen Morphems hat es im Udischen kein vergleichbares Element gegeben, das diese Funktionen hätte erfüllen können. In anderen lesgischen Sprachen hingegen stehen für diese Funktionen jeweils eigene grammatische Mittel zur Verfügung (Konditionalklitika oder Auxiliare). Durch die Verwendung des entlehnten Klitikums hat sich folglich der strukturelle Isomorphismus des Udischen mit den anderen Sprachen des lesgischen Zweigs nicht etwa verringert sondern vergrößert.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The Udi language and its contact situation
  • 3.Functions of the conditional clitic =sa in Nizh Udi
    • 3.1Conditional clauses
    • 3.2Clauses with wh-words
    • 3.3Comparative constructions
    • 3.4Contrastive topic
    • 3.5Indefinite pronoun series marker
  • 4.The Azerbaijani source of Udi =sa
    • 4.1Conditional copula in Azerbaijani
    • 4.2Towards the history of =sa borrowing
    • 4.3Two possible alternative sources
  • 5.The situation in earlier stages of Udi
  • 6.Conditional markers in related Lezgic languages
  • 7.The conditional =sa vs. other contact-induced changes in Udi
  • 8.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
  • Published sources in Nizh Udi
References (98)
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2002. Language contact in Amazonia. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2007. Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic perspective. In Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (eds.), Grammars in contact: A crosslinguistic typology, 1–66. (Explorations in Linguistic Typology 4). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alekseev, M. E. 1985. Voprosy sravnitel´no-istoričeskoj grammatiki lezginskix jazykov. Morfologija. Sintaksis [Problems of the comparative-historical reconstruction of the grammar of Lezgic languages: Morphology. Syntax]. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Authier, Gilles. 2009. Grammaire Kryz (Langue caucasique d’Azerbaïdjan, dialecte d’Alik). Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2010. Azeri morphology in Kryz (East Caucasian). Turkic Languages 14(1). 14–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bağrıaçık, Metin, Angela Ralli & Dimitra Melissaropoulou. 2015. Borrowing verbs from Oghuz Turkic: Two linguistic areas. In Francesco Gardani, Peter Arkadiev & Nino Amiridze (eds.), Borrowed morphology, 109–136. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bežanov, S. 1902. Gospoda Našego Iisusa Xrista Svjatoe evangelie ot Matfeja, Marka, Luki i Ioanna na russkom i udinskom jazykax [The Holy Gospel according to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John in Russian and Udi]. Sbornik materialov dlja opisanija mestnostej i plemen Kavkaza. XXX1.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bulut, Christiane. 2006. Turkish elements in spoken Kurmanji. In Hendrik Boeschoten & Lars Johanson (eds.), Turkic languages in contact, 95–121. (Turcologica 61). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Clifton, John M., Deborah A. Clifton, Peter Kirk & Roar Ljøkjell. 2005. The sociolinguistic situation of the Udi in Azerbaijan. In John M. Clifton (ed.), Studies in languages of Azerbaijan, vol. 11, 107–123. Baku: Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan & St. Petersburg, Russia: SIL International. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
Çejrani, Ţɵdɵr and Mixak Çejrani. 1934. Samçi dəs. Suxum: Abgizen Ţərbi.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dirr, A[dolf]. M. 1903. Grammatika udinskogo jazyka [Udi grammar]. Sbornik materialov dlja opisanija mestnostej i plemen Kavkaza. XXXIII1.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dirr, Adolf. 1928. Udische Texte. Caucasica 51. 60–72.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dobrushina, Nina. 2017. Contact-induced usages of volitional moods in East Caucasian languages. International Journal of Bilingualism 21(5). 559–583. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dorleijn, Margreet. 2006. Turkish-Kurdish language contact. In Hendrik Boeschoten & Lars Johanson (eds.), Turkic languages in contact, 74–94. (Turcologica 61). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gajdarov, R. I., A. G. Gjul´magomedov, U. A. Mejlanova, & B. B. Talibov. 2009. Sovremennyj lezginskij jazyk [Modern Lezgian]. Makhachkala: IJaLI DNC RAN.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gandon, Ophélie. 2015. Convergence areas in the Caucasus-Western Iran area with respect to relativization strategies. In Actes des 18èmes Rencontres Jeunes Chercheurs de l’ED 268: Contact de langues: Situations, représentations, réalisations. Paris, France. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
. 2016. La relativisation dans une perspective aréale: L’aire Caucase – Anatolie de l’Est – Iran de l’Ouest. PhD dissertation, Université de Paris Sorbonne – Paris 3.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ganenkov, Dmitry & Timur Maisak. 2019. Nakh-Daghestanian languages: A family survey. In Maria Polinsky (ed.), The Oxford handbook of the languages of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gast, Volker & Johan van der Auwera. 2012. What is ‘contact-induced grammaticalization’? Examples from Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages. In Björn Wiemer, Bernhard Wälchli & Björn Hansen (eds.), Grammatical replication and borrowability in language contact, 381–426. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gippert, Jost. 2011. Relative clauses in Vartashen Udi: Preliminary remarks. Iran and the Caucasus 151. 207–230. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gippert, Jost, Wolfgang Schulze, Zaza Aleksidze & Jean-Pierre Mahé. 2008. The Caucasian Albanian palimpsests of Mount Sinai. Edition and interpretation. 21 vols. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Göksel, Aslı & Celia Kerslake. 2005. Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1990[1969]. Some methods of dynamic comparison in linguistics. In Jaan Puhvel (ed.), Substance and structure of language, 147–203. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Reprinted in Keith Denning, Suzanne Kemmer (eds.). 1990. On Language: Selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg, 71–118. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.)Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gukasjan, V. L. 1973. Vzaimootnošenija azerbajdžanskogo i udinskogo jazykov [Relations between the Azerbaijani and Udi languages]. Avtoreferat diss. dokt. filol. nauk. Baku: Elm.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1974. Udinsko-azerbajdžansko-russkij slovarʹ [Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian dictionary]. Baku: Elm.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haig, Geoffrey. 2001. Linguistic diffusion in present-day East Anatolia: From top to bottom. In Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (eds.), Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics, 195–224. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2006. Turkish influence on Kurmanjî Kurdish: Evidence from the Tunceli dialect. In Lars Johanson & Christiane Bulut (eds.), Turkic-Iranian contact areas. Historical and linguistic aspects, 283–299. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harris, Alice C. 2000. Where in the word is the Udi clitic? Language 761. 593–616. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2002. Endoclitics and the origins of Udi morphosyntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A grammar of Lezgian. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997. Indefinite pronouns. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2011. Indefinite pronouns. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 46. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva. 2002. World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2003. On contact-induced grammaticalization. Studies in Language 27(3). 529–572. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. (Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2010. Contact and grammaticalization. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Handbook of language contact, 86–105. Oxford: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Johanson, Lars. 1999. The dynamics of code-copying in language encounters. In Bernt Brendemoen, Elizabeth Lanza & Else Ryen (eds.), Language encounters across time and space: Studies in language contact, 37–62. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. Contact-induced linguistic change in a code-copying framework. In Mari C. Jones & Edith Esch (eds.), Language change: The interplay of internal, external and extra-linguistic factors, 285–313. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2006. On the roles of Turkic in the Caucasus area. In Yaron Matras, April McMahon & Nigel Vincent (eds.), Linguistic areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective, 160–181. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kassian, Alexei. 2015. Towards a formal genealogical classification of the Lezgian languages (North Caucasus): Testing various phylogenetic methods on lexical data. PLoS ONE 10(2). Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12.
Kibrik, A. E. 1977. Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka. T. 2. Taksonomičeskaja grammatika [A structural description of the Archi language. V. 2. Taxonomic grammar]. Moscow: Moscow State University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kibrik, Alexandr E. 1998. Does intragenetic typology make sense? In Winfried Boeder, Christoph Schroeder, Karl H. Wagner, & Wolfgang Wildgen (eds.), Sprache in Raum und Zeit: In memoriam Johannes Bechert, Bd. 21: Beiträge zur empirischen Sprachwissenschaft, 61–68. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kibrik, A. E., S. V. Kodzasov, I. P. Olovjannikova & D. S. Samedov. 1977. Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka. Teksty i slovari [A structural description of the Archi language. Texts and dictionaries]. Moscow: Moscow State University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kibrik, A. E. & J. G. Testelec (eds.). 1999. Èlementy caxurskogo jazyka v tipologičeskom osveščenii [Aspects of the Tsakhur language from a typological perspective]. Moscow: Nasledie.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kornfilt, Jaklin. 1997. Turkish. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kurbanov, K. K. 2001. Grammatičeskij očerk tabasaranskogo jazyka. In B. G.-K. Xanmagomedov & K. T. Šalbuzov. Tabasaransko-russkij slovar´ [Tabasaran-Russian dictionary], 395–476. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lander, Ju. A. 2014. Pokazatel´ ki v udinskom jazyke: problema dlja lokusa markirovanija i sintaksičeskoj struktury [The marker ki in Udi: A problem for the locus of marking and syntactic structure]. In M. A. Danièl´, E. A. Ljutikova, V. A. Plungjan, S. G. Tatevosov & O. V. Fedorova (eds.). Jazyk. Konstanty. Peremennye. Pamjati Aleksandra Evgen´jeviča Kibrika [Language. Constants. Variables: In memory of A.E. Kibrik], 485–498. Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskoj kul’tury.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lewis, Geoffrey L. 1967. Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maisak [Majsak], Timur A. 2008. Varianty udinskoj orfografii i transkripcii (kratkij obzor) [Variants of Udi orthography and transcription: An overview]. In M. E. Alekseev, T. A. Majsak, D. S. Ganenkov & Yu. A. Lander (eds.), Udinskij sbornik: Grammatika, leksika, istorija jazyka [The Udi collection: Grammar, lexicon, language history], 443–460. Moscow: Academia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Maisak, Тimur. 2011. The present and the future within the Lezgic tense and aspect systems. In Gilles Authier & Timur Maisak (eds.), Tense, aspect, modality and finiteness in East Caucasian languages, 25–66. Bochum: Brockmeyer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. Forthcoming. Grammaticalization in Lezgic languages. In Andrej Malchukov & Walter Bisang (eds.), Comparative handbook of grammaticalization scenarios. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Menges, Karl H. 1995. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. 2nd, revised edn. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Merdanova, S. R. 2004. Morfologija i grammatičeskaja semantika agul´skogo jazyka: Na materiale xpjukskogo govora [Morphology and grammatical semantics of Agul: Data from the Huppuq’ dialect]. Moscow: Sovetskij pisatel´.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nikolayev, Sergei L. & Sergei A. Starostin. 1994. A North Caucasian etymological dictionary. Moscow: Asterisk.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2009. Intensive contact and the copying of paradigms – an Ėven dialect in contact with Sakha (Yakut). Journal of Language Contact, VARIA 21. 85–110.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. A comparison of copied morphemes in Sakha (Yakut) and Ėven. In Francesco Gardani, Peter Arkadiev & Nino Amiridze (eds.), Borrowed morphology, 157–187. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pančviʒe [Panchvidze], V. N. 1974. Udiuri enis gramat’ik’uli analizi [Grammatical analysis of the Udi language]. Tbilisi: Mecniereba.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Perepis′. 1989. Vsesojuznaja perepisˊ naselenija 1989 g. Raspredelenie naselenija Azepbajdžanskoj SSR po naibolee mnogočislennym nacionalˊnostjam i jazyku [The 1989 Soviet census: Distribution of the Azerbaijan SSR population by the largest ethnicities and language]. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
. 2010. Vserossijskaja perepisˊ naselenija 2010 g. Nacionalˊnyj sostav naselenija Rossijskoj Federacii [The 2010 Russian census: Ethnic composition of the Russian Federation]. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
Podlesskaya, Vera I. 2001. Conditional constructions. In Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher & Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals. An international handbook. Vol 21, 998–1010. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sakel, Jeanette. 2007. Types of loan: Matter and pattern. In Yaron Matras & Jeanette Sakel (eds.), Grammatical borrowing in cross-linguistic perspective, 15–29. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schiefner, Anton A. 1863. Versuch über die Sprache der Uden. (Aus den Mémoires de l’Acad. impériale des sciences de St. Pétersb., 7. Ser., tome VI, No 8.) St. Petersburg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schulze, Wolfgang. 1982. Die Sprache der Uden in Nordazerbajdžan. Studien zur Synchronie und Diachronie einer süd-ostkaukasischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001a. The Udi Gospels: Annotated text, etymological index, lemmatized concordance. München: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2001b. The Udi Language: A grammatical description with sample text Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
. 2002. The loan layers of Udi: Armenian. In Wolfram Bublitz, Manfred von Roncador & Heinz Vater (eds.), Philology, typology and language structure. Festschrift for Winfried Boeder on the occasion of his 65th birthday, 211–223. Frankfurt a.M: Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. Towards a history of Udi. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics 11. 55–91.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2012. Vier neuere udische Texte, Teil 2. Georgica 341. 8–29.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015a. From Caucasian Albanian to Udi. Iran and the Caucasus 191. 149–177. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015b. Aspects of Udi-Iranian language contact. In Uwe Bläsing, Victoria Arakelova & Matthias Weinreich (eds.), Studies on Iran and the Caucasus. In honour of Garnik Asatrian, 373–401. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016a. How much Udi is Udi? In Ramazan Korkmaz & Gürkan Doğan (eds.), Endangered languages of the Caucasus and beyond, 187–208. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016b. Udi. In Peter O. Müller, Ingeborg Ohnheiser, Susan Olsen & Franz Rainer (eds.), Word-formation: An international handbook of the languages of Europe, 3564–3578. Berlin: De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016c. Textual Resources for Udi. In Reineck, Natia & Ute Rieger (eds.), Kaukasiologie heute – Festschrift für Heinz Fähnrich zum 70. Geburtstag, 361–381. Jena: Buchverlag König.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schulze-Fürhoff, Wolfgang. 1994. Udi. In Rieks Smeets (ed.), The indigenous languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 3. North East Caucasian languages. Part 2, 447–514. Delmar, N.Y.: Caravan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stassen, Leon. 2011. Comparative constructions. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 121. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
Statistical Committee. 2009. Distribution of population by native language and freely command of languages (based on 2009 population census). The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan: Population by ethnic groups, by native language and freely command of languages. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
Stilo, Donald L. 2008. Two sets of mobile verbal person agreement markers in the Northern Talyshi language. In Simin Karimi, Vida Samiian and Donald Stilo (eds.), Aspects of Iranian linguistics, 363–390. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2015. An introduction to the Atlas of the Araxes-Iran Linguistic Area. In Bernard Comrie & Lucía Golluscio (eds.), Language contact and documentation. Contacto lingüístico y documentación, 343–355. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2018. Numeral classifier systems in the Araxes-Iran linguistic area. In William B. McGregor & Søren Wichmann (eds.), The diachrony of classification systems, 135–164. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas. 2015. Adjective-noun agreement in language contact: Loss, realignment and innovation. In Francesco Gardani, Peter Arkadiev & Nino Amiridze (eds.), Borrowed morphology, 269–301. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Širaliev, M. Š. & E. V. Sevortjan (eds.). 1971. Grammatika azerbajdžanskogo jazyka [A grammar of Azerbaijani]. Baku: Elm.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Talibov, B. B. 2007. Buduxskij jazyk [Budugh]. Moscow: Academia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Todd, Terry Lynn. 2008. A grammar of Dimili also known as Zaza. 2nd ed. Electronic publication. Available online at [URL]. Accessed 2019-08-12
van den Berg, Helma. 2005. The East Caucasian language family. Lingua, 1151. 147–190. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Xanmagomedov, B. G.-K. 1970. Očerki po sintaksisu tabasaranskogo jazyka [Studies in Tabasaran syntax]. Makhachkala: Dagučpedgiz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ǯeiranišvili [Dzheiranishvili], E. F. 1971. Udiuri ena. Gramat’ik’a, krestomat’ia, leksik’oni [Udi: grammar, texts, lexicon]. Tbilisi: Tbilisi univ. gamomcemloba.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Published sources in Nizh Udi
Ant’onova, V. 2010. Nanay muz-2. Bəkü.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2012. Udi muz-3. Bəkü.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2015. Udi muz-4. Bakı.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aydınov, Y. A. & J. A. Keçaari. 1996a. Əlifba (TIetıir). Bəkü.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1996b. Udin muz (udi dili) 3. Bakı.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dabakov, V. 2013. Nanaj muz (Rodnoj jazyk). Šaxty.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dabakov, V. V. 2007. Udiğoy folklor: Nağılxo. Legendoox. Astrakhan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Keçaari [Kečaari], Ž. 1996. Nana očal: Šeirxo, hekjətxo, drama. Baku.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Keçaari, Ҝ. 2001. Orayin. Bakı.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2003. Buruxmux. Gәncә.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Luke. 2011 = Luk’an exlətbi Mŭq Xavar. Bakı.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ruth-Iona 2009 = Rut’, İona. Chambersburg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue