Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 36:2 (2019) ► pp.222–261
Alignment change in Chukotkan
Further exploration of the pathways to ergativity
Published online: 22 July 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18016.kan
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18016.kan
Abstract
This paper examines current approaches to studying alignment change and the role of language contact in the spread of ergativity, using the Chukotkan languages as a case study. Chukotkan is exceptional in that there does not appear to be a single reanalysis pathway that can account for the development of ergative case. Rather, the system appears to be the product of several changes that operated in different domains. This paper provides an alternative to an earlier account that claims that Chukotkan ergativity developed due to Yupik substrate effects, which is not supported by the historical accounts of the contact between these groups. This explanation is consistent with a problematic tendency of treating ergativity as a special phenomenon, even though ergative alignment regularly arises via internal change. Instead, I propose that the loss of split ergative case marking occurred due to the reanalysis of a passive participle, which was motivated by the tendency to encode animacy distinctions in these languages.
Keywords: alignment change, ergativity, language contact, reanalysis, animacy, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Yupik
Résumé
Cet article examine les approches actuelles pour étudier le changement d’alignement et le role du contact des langues dans la propagation de l’ergativité, en prenant les langues tchouktches comme étude de cas. La famille des langues tchouktches est exceptionnelle dans le sens quil ne semble pas y avoir une seule voie de réanalyse qui peut expliquer le développement du cas ergatif. Plutôt, le système semble être le produit de plusieurs changements, qui sont survenus dans différents domaines. Cet article conteste une explication précédente qui prétend que l’ergativité des langues tchouktches s’est développée en raison des effets de substrat de yupik, une conclusion qui est desservie par les comptes historiques du contact entre ces groupes. Cette explication concorde avec une propension problématique à traiter l’ergativité comme un phénomène particulier, bien que l’alignement ergatif se produise régulièrement par le changement interne. Au lieu de cela, je propose que la perte de l’ergativité scindée s’est produite à cause de la réanalyse d’un participe passif, un changement qui était motivé par la tendance à coder les distinctions d’animéité dans ces langues.
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag werden aktuelle Ansätze zur Untersuchung des Ausrichtungswechsels und der Rolle von untersucht Sprachkontakt bei der Verbreitung von Ergativität, wobei die Tschuktscho-Korjakisch Sprachen als Fallstudie verwendet werden. Diese Sprachen sind außergewöhnlich, weil es keine einzige Reanalyse gibt, der die Entwicklung eines ergativen Falles erklären kann. Das System scheint vielmehr das Produkt mehrerer Änderungen zu sein, die in verschiedenen Bereichen aktiv waren. In diesem Artikel wird eine frühere Erläuterung in Frage gestellt, die behauptet dass, Tschuktscho-Korjakisch Ergativität aufgrund von Yupik-Substrateffekten entwickelt. Diese Erläuterung ist nicht vom historischen Berichte unterstutzt über den Kontakt zwischen diesen Gruppen und veranschaulicht eine problematische Tendenz, Ergativität als ein besonderes Phäanomen zu behandeln, obwohl die Ergativ Ausrichtung regelmäßig durch innere Veränderung entsteht. Stattdessen schlage ich vor, dass der Verlust der gespalten-Ergativ Fallmarkierung durch die Reanalyse von passives Partizip trat auf, das durch die Tendenz motiviert war, die Belebtheitshierarchie in diesen Sprachen zu kodieren.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages and ergativity
- 2.1The status of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan family
- 2.2Ergativity in Chukotkan vs. Kamchatkan
- 2.2.1Ergative case marking in Chukotkan
- 2.2.2Positional ergativity of verbal suffixes in Chukotko-Kamchatkan
- 2.3Summary
- 3.Cross-linguistic pathways for the development of ergative case marking
- Ergative case via a passive construction
- Ergative case via a possessive
- Ergative case via instrumental + zero-marked subject
- 4.The development of ergative case in the Chukotkan languages
- 4.1The initial source of ergative case in Chukotkan
- 4.2The Yupik substrate proposal
- 4.3Historical Yupik-Chukotkan contact: Evaluating the likelihood of substrate effects
- 4.3.1Linguistic limitations of a possessive reanalysis
- 4.3.2Language contact and social dynamics in Chukotka
- 4.3.3Timing of the substrate effects: Chukotkan vs. Chukchi
- 4.3.4Other demonstrable contact-based effects in both languages
- 4.3.5Scope of substrate effects
- 4.4A language-internal explanation for the spread of ergative case in Chukotkan
- 4.4.1The role of animacy encoding: Two sources of ergative case?
- 5.“Ergativity” as a contact feature
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
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