Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 35:1 (2018) ► pp.71–106
The decade construction rivalry in Russian
Using a corpus to study historical linguistics
Published online: 16 April 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.16043.nes
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.16043.nes
Abstract
This article addresses the diachronic development of so-called rival forms, i.e., words or grammatical constructions that appear to be synonyms, based on a detailed empirical analysis of two seemingly synonymous constructions in Russian. Corresponding to the English ‘decade construction’ in the twenties, Russian has two rival constructions, viz. v dvadcatye gody [lit. “in the twentieth years”] (with the numeral and noun in the accusative) and v dvadcatyx godax (with the numeral and noun in the locative case). Three hypotheses about rival forms are considered: leveling (whereby one form ousts its rival), sociolinguistic differentiation (whereby the two rivals survive in different varieties of a language) and semantic differentiation (whereby the two rivals develop different meanings over time). Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature, we find little evidence for semantic and sociolinguistic differentiation. Instead, we demonstrate that leveling is taking place, since the accusative construction is in the process of ousting its rival. While our study shows that corpus data facilitate detailed analysis of the interaction between leveling, sociolinguistic differentiation and semantic differentiation, our analysis also points to limitations, especially when it comes to corpus-based analysis of sociolinguistic and semantic factors.
Résumé
Que peut faire un corpus pour le spécialiste en diachronie? Comment les données d’un coprus peuvent-elles jeter de la lumière sur le développement diachronique des formes soi-disant rivales, c.-à-d. des mots ou des constructions grammaticales qui paraissent synonymes? Le présent travail aborde ces questions sur la base d’une analyse empirique détaillée de deux constructions russes, synonymes à première vue. Correspondant à la construction anglaise qui renvoie à la décennie, in the twenties “dans les années vingt”, le russe possède deux constructions rivales, viz. v dvadcatye gody (lit. in the twentieth years “dans les vingtièmes années”, avec l’adjectif numéral et le nom en accusatif), et v dvadcatyx godax (avec l’adjectif numéral et le nom en locatif). Trois hypothèses portant sur les formes rivales sont prises en considération: nivellement (où une des formes supplante la forme rivale), différentiation sociolinguistique (où les deux formes persistent, mais dans différentes variétés de la langue), et différentiation sémantique (où les deux formes rivales graduellement développent des significations différentes). Contrairement à ce qui s’est proposé dans les travaux antérieurs, nous trouvons peu de preuves de différentiation sémantique, ni ne trouvons-nous d’indications nettes de différentiation sociolinguistique. Nous démontrons plutôt l’existence d’un nivellement, vu que la construction accusative est en voie de supplanter son rival. Si notre étude montre que les données de corpus facilitent une analyse détaillée de l’interaction entre nivellement, différentiation sociolinguistique et différentiation sémantique, notre analyse révèle également certaines limitations, surtout en ce qui concerne les analyses, sur la base de corpus, de facteurs sociolinguistiques et sémantiques.
Zusammenfassung
Was kann ein Korpus für historische Sprachwissenschaftler tun? Wie können Korpusdaten die diachrone Entwicklung sogenannter rivalisierender Formen erhellen, also von Wörtern oder grammatischen Konstruktionen, die scheinbar Synonyme sind? Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit diesen Fragen auf der Grundlage einer detaillierten empirischen Analyse zweier derartiger Konstruktionen im Russischen. Dieses besitzt zwei rivalisierende Konstruktionen, die der englischen „Jahrzehntkonstruktion“ wie in the twenties entsprechen, nämlich v dvadcatye gody (wörtl. ‘in den zwanzigsten Jahren’ mit Numeral und Nomen im Akkusativ) und v dvadcatyx godax (mit Numeral und Nomen im Lokativ). Wir diskutieren drei Hypothesen hierzu: Nivellierung (eine Form verdrängt ihren Rivalen), soziolinguistische Differenzierung (die beiden Rivalen bestehen in verschiedenen Varietäten der Sprache fort) und semantische Spaltung (die beiden Formen erwerben im Laufe der Zeit unterschiedliche Bedeutungen). Im Gegensatz zur einschlägigen Literatur finden wir weder ausreichend Evidenz für eine semantische Spaltung noch eine soziolinguistische Differenzierung. Stattdessen demonstrieren wir hier den Fall einer Nivellierung da die Akkusativkonstruktion dabei ist ihren Rivalen zu verdrängen. Während unsere Studie zeigt, wie hilfreich Korpusdaten bei einer detaillierten Analyse des Verhältnisses zwischen Nivellierung, soziolinguistischer Differenzierung und semantischer Spaltung sein können, zeigt sie aber auch deren Grenzen auf, insbesondere bei der korpusbasierten Analyse soziolinguistischer und semantischer Faktoren.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: Three hypotheses about rival forms
- 2.The rival decade constructions in Russian: Double motivation
- 3.Hypothesis 1: Leveling of form over time
- 3.1Test 1: Date of the texts
- 3.2Test 2: Author’s year of birth
- 3.3Comparison and discussion: Two parallel S-curves
- 4.Hypothesis 2: Sociolinguistic differentiation
- 4.1Test 1: Genres
- 4.2Test 2: Gender
- 4.3Test 3: Individual speaker preferences
- 4.4Summing up
- 5.Hypothesis 3: Semantic differentiation
- 5.1Test 1: Perfective vs. imperfective aspect
- 5.2Test 2: Aspectual types
- 6.Interaction of the three hypotheses: CART and Random Forest analysis
- 7.Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (54)
Baayen, R. Harald, Anna Endresen, Laura A. Janda, Anastasia Makarova & Tore Nesset. 2013. Making choices in Russian: Pros and cons of statistical methods for rival forms. Russian Linguistics 37(3). 253–291.
Bjorvand, Harald. 2000. Diakron lingvistikk. In Rolf Theil Endresen, Hanne Gram Simonsen & Andreas Sveen (eds.), Innføring i lingvistikk, 307–339. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Blythe, Richard A. & William Croft. 2012. S-curves and the mechanisms of propagation in language change. Language 88(2). 269–304.
Bolinger, Dwight. 1968. Entailment and the meaning of structures. Glossa: An International Journal of Linguistics 21. 119–127.
Bondarko, Aleksandr B. 2001. Osnovy funkcional’noj grammatiki: jazykovaja interpretacija idei vremeni. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo SPbGU.
Bresnan, Joan, Anna Cueni, Tatiana Nikitina & R. Harald Baayen. 2007. Predicting the dative alternation. In Gerlof Bouma, Irene Krämer & Joost Zwarts (eds.), Cognitive foundations of interpretation, 69–94. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Bresnan, Joan & Marilyn Ford. 2010. Predicting syntax: Processing dative constructions in American and Australian varieties of English. Language 86(1). 168–213.
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. 1994. Inflection classes, gender, and the principle of contrast. Language 70(4). 737–788.
Chambers, J. K. 2002. Patterns of variation including change. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), Handbook of language variation and change, 349–372. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chambers, J. K. & Peter Trudgill. 1998. Dialectology, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Forsyth, James. 1970. A grammar of aspect: Usage and meaning in the Russian verb. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle. 2010. Corpus, cognition and causative constructions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions. A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Grieve, Jack. 2016. Regional variation in written American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harper, Douglas. 2001–2017. Online etymology dictionary. [URL] (October 17, 2016.)
Haspelmath, Martin. 1997. From space to time: Temporal adverbials in the world’s languages. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Hovdenak, Marit, Laurits Killingbergtrø, Arne Lauvhjell, Sigurd Nordlie, Magne Rommetveit & Dagfinn Worren. 2001. Nynorskordboka. Oslo: Det norske samlaget.
Iwata, Seizi. 2008. Locative alternation: A lexical-constructional approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Jakobson, Roman O. 1984. Structure of the Russian verb. In Linda R. Waugh & Morris Halle, Russian and Slavic grammar: Studies 1931–1981. Berlin: Mouton.
Janda, Laura A. & Olga N. Lyashevskaya. 2011. Aspectual pairs in the Russian National Corpus. Scando-Slavica 57(2). 201–215.
King, Bruce M. & Edward W. Minium. 2008. Statistical reasoning in the behavioral sciences. Wiley: Hoboken.
Klavan, Jane, Kaisa Kesküla & Laura Ojava. 2011. The division of labour between synonymous locative cases and adpositions. In Seppo Kittilä, Katja Västi & Jussi Ylikoski (eds.), Case, animacy and semantic roles, 111–134. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2009. How time is encoded. In Wolfgang Klein & Ping Li (eds.), The expression of time, 39–82. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Levshina, Natalia. 2015. How to do linguistics with R. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Makarova, Anastasia & Tore Nesset. 2013. Space-time asymmetries: Russian v “in(to)” and the North Slavic temporal adverbial continuum. Russian Linguistics 37(3). 317–345.
Nesset, Tore. 2004. Case assignment and image schemas: Russian temporal adverbials. Studies in Language 28(2). 285–320.
. 2013. How Russian became typologically unusual: The history of Russian temporal adverbials with v “in(to)”. Scando-Slavica 59(1). 32–57.
Nesset, Tore & Anastasia Makarova. 2015. Prostranstvo vo vremeni? Asimmetrija predloga v v prostranstvennyx i vremennyx konstrukcijax. In Andrej A. Kibrik & Aleksej D. Košelev (eds.), Jazyk i mysl’: sovremennaja kognitivnaja lingvistika, 388–410. Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskoj kul’tury.
Nida, Eugene A. 1958. Analysis of meaning and dictionary making. International Journal of American Linguistics 24(4). 279–292.
Nuyts, Jan & Pieter Byloo. 2015. Competing modals: Beyond (inter)subjectification. Diachronica 32(1). 34–68.
Padučeva, Elena V. 2010. Semantičeskie issledovanija. Semantika vida i vremeni v russkom jazyke. Semantika narrativa. 2nd edn. Moscow: Jazyki slavjanskoj kul’tury.
Russian National Corpus: Available at [URL]
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1983 [1916]. Course in general linguistics. Translated and annotated by Roy Harris. London: Duckworth.
Sokolova, Svetlana, Olga Lyashevskaya & Laura A. Janda. 2012. The locative alternation and the Russian ‘empty’ prefixes: A case study of the verb gruzit’ “load”. In Dagmar Divjak & Stefan Th. Gries (eds.), Frequency effects in language representation, 51–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Szymanek, Bogdan. 2005. The latest trends in English word-formation. In Pavol Štekauer & Rochelle Lieber (eds.), Handbook of word-formation, 429–448. Dordrecht: Springer.
Strobl, Carolin, James Malley & Gerhard Tutz. 2009. An introduction to recursive partitioning: Rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests. Psychological Methods 14(4). 323–348.
Tagliamonte, Sali A. & R. Harald Baayen. 2012. Models, forests and trees of York English: Was/were variation as a case study for statistical practice. Language Variation and Change 24(2). 135–178.
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Nesset, Tore & Laura A. Janda
Nesset, Tore, Martina Björklund & Svetlana Sokolova
Nesset, Tore
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
