Article published In: Diachronica
Vol. 13:1 (1996) ► pp.83–134
The Founder Principle in Creole Genesis
Published online: 1 January 1996
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.1.05muf
https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.1.05muf
SUMMARY
In this paper, the author discusses one of the aspects of creole genesis from a population genetics perspective, analogizing 'language' with 'population' (rather than 'organism', the tradition in linguistics) and 'linguistic feature' with 'gene'. With language contact analogized to population contact, individual speakers are given a greater role than traditionally accorded them in the literature and variation within language is made more natural. Like genes, linguistic features are shown as competing with each other for selection into creoles' systems, in the different, though similar, ecologies of individual language contacts. It is argued here that the founder populations, including speakers of both lexifiers and substrate languages, played greater roles than hitherto considered in determining which specific features received selective advantage over their competitors during the formation of creoles. The Founder Principle explains why some European languages in their nonstandard forms became the principal lexifiers when others could have and why some specific features prevailed in the new systems. The competition-of-features perspective allows deterministic influences of both the lexifiers and substrate languages, thanks to convergence and other markedness principles, with the bioprogram qua Universal Grammar serving as the body of principles regulating the development of the new vernaculars.
RÉSUMÉ
Dans cet article l'auteur discute un des aspects de la genèse des creoles du point de vue de la génétique des populations. Il y compare la notion de 'langue' à celle de 'population' (plutôt qu'à celle d"organisme', la tradition en linguistique) et celle de 'trait linguistique' à celle de 'gène'. Cette comparaison du contact de langues à celui de populations accorde aux locuteurs un rôle plus grand qu'il n'est de coutume dans la littérature; la variation dans la langue se montre ainsi plus naturelle. Comme les gènes, les traits linguistiques se présentent en compétition mutuelle pour être sélectionnés dans les systèmes des creoles, dans des écologies différentes, bien que semblables, des contacts langagiers individuels. Selon mon hypothèse, la population fondatrice, y compris les locuteurs autant des langues lexificatrices que des langues substrates, ont joué des rôles plus importants qu'on leur reconnaît à présent en déterminant quels traits spécifiques ont eu un avantage sélectif par rapport à leurs alternatives pendant la formation des creoles. Le Principe Fondateur explique pourquoi quelques langues européennes dans leurs formes non standard sont devenues les principales lexificatrices, plutôt que d'autres langues qui auraient pu faire autant, et pourqoi quelques traits spécifiques se sont imposés dans les nouveaux systèmes. La perspective de la compétition des traits rend possible des influences déterministes à la fois des langues lexificatrices que des langues substrates, étant donné la convergence de certains de leurs traits et grace à d'autres principes sur lesquels est basé l'opposition marqué/non marqué. La Grammaire Universelle fonctionne dans mon hypothèse comme un corps de principes régissant le développement des nouveaux vernaculaires.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Im vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert der Autor einen Aspekt der Genese von Kreolsprachen aus der Sicht einer Bevölkerungsgenetik, dabei eine Analogie zwischen 'Sprache' und 'Population' (anstelle von 'Organismus', wie es in der Linguistik Tradition ist) und zwischen 'sprachlicher Erscheinung' und 'Gen' herstellend. Wenn Sprachkontakt mit Populationskontakt in Analogie gesetzt wird, erhalten die Einzelprecher eine größere Rolle als ihnen gewöhnlich in der Forschung zuerkannt werden, und Variation innerhalb einer Sprache wird auf diese Weise ein weit natürlicherer Vorgang. Genen vergleichbar, konkurrieren linguïstische Eigenschaften untereinander um die Auswahl für das System einer Kreolsprache innerhalb der verschiedenen, wenngleich ähnlichen, 'Ökologien' individueller Sprachkontakte. Es wird hier die Behauptung aufgestellt, daß die 'Gründungspopulationen', inklusive der Sprecher von sowohl lexifizierenden als auch Substratsprachen, größere Rollen spielen als man bisher bei der Bestim-mung berücksichtigt hat, welche besondere Eigenschaften selektive Vorteile gegenüber anderen bei der Herausbildung von Kreolsprachen erhalten haben. Das 'Gründerprinzip' erklärt, weshalb einige europäische Sprachen in ihren nicht-standardisierten Formen die hauptsachlichen Lieferanten von Wortstruk-turen geworden sind, wenn andere es hatten werden können, und weshalb gewisse Eigenschaften in diesen neuem System die Oberhand gewannen. Der Gesichts-punkt eines Wettkampfs zwischen Eigenschaften ermöglicht bestimmbare Ein-flüsse auf sowohl von lexifizierenden als auch Substratsprachen, und zwar dank einer Konvergenz und anderer Merkmalprinzipien, wobei ein 'Bioprogramm' oder eine Universaliengrammatik als die Grundlage dazu dient, die Entwicklung neuer Volkssprachen zu regulieren.
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