Cover not available

In:Imagining the Peoples of Europe: Populist discourses across the political spectrum
Edited by Jan Zienkowski and Ruth Breeze
[Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture 83] 2019
► pp. 19–42

Get fulltext
PDF logo with download linkDownload Chapter PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload Chapter EPUB

Chapter 1
The populist political logic and the analysis of the discursive construction of ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’

Open Access logo
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 13 August 2019
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.83.02cle
Abstract
Aiming to provide some theoretical context to this edited volume on Imagining the Peoples of Europe, this chapter argues that a discourse-theoretical definition of populism as a political logic is the best basis for discursive analyses of populist politics. In identifying what makes populist politics across the political spectrum populist, the chapter strongly builds on Laclau’s work. But it more explicitly limits populism to a particular political logic that revolves around the claim to represent ‘the people’, discursively constructed through a down/up opposition between the people-as-underdog and ‘the elite’ as a small and illegitimately powerful group that is argued not to satisfy the needs and demands of the people. This definition also emphasizes how populism constructs not only ‘the people’ but also ‘the elite’, and how it presents certain demands as the will of the people. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the proposed definition’s implications for the empirical analysis of populist politics across the political spectrum, suggesting that we need to analyze the ways in which populists construct the down/up opposition between ‘people’ and ‘elite’ as well as how this opposition is articulated with other elements of populists’ particular programs and strategies.
Article outline
  • Introduction: Populism and the discursive construction of ‘the people’
  • Ignoring the populist construction of ‘the people’
    • Populist as popular and the reification of ‘the people’
    • The populist electorate and the disregard for populist agency
    • The nature of populism
  • Definitional issues
    • Covering varieties of populism
    • Identifying the distinct character of populism
  • Populism as a political logic
    • ‘The people’ and ‘the elite’ as nodal points
    • From ideology to political logic: The discursive construction of ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’
  • The discursive analysis of populist politics
    • Constructing ‘the people’ versus the ‘elite’
    • Articulation and the role of populism in populist politics
  • Notes
  • Bibliography
References (82)
Bibliography
Abts, Koen. 2004. “Het Populistisch Appel.” Tijdschrift voor Sociologie 25 (4): 451–476.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Akkerman, Tjitske. 2003. “Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?” Acta Politica 38: 147–159. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arditi, Benjamin. 2007. “Post-hegemony: Politics Outside the Usual Post-Marxist Paradigm.” Contemporary politics 13 (3): 205–226. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beasley-Murray, Jon. 2006. “Review of ‘On Populist Reason’ (Ernesto Laclau) & ‘Populism and the Mirror of Democracy’ (Francisco Panizza (ed.)).” Contemporary Political Theory 5: 362–367. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2010. Posthegemony. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan, Eric Corijn, Marc Holthof, and Dieter Lesage. 2004. Populisme. Berchem: EPO.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. “The Uses of ‘The People?’.” In In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology, ed. by Pierre Bourdieu (trans. by Matthew Adamson): 150–155. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Canovan, Margaret. 1981. Populism. London: Junction Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1982. “Two Strategies for the Study of Populism.” Political Studies 30 (4): 544–552. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. “Taking Politics to the People: Populism as the Ideology of Democracy.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, ed. by Yves Mény, and Yves Surel: 25–44. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005. The People. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2004. “Populism for political theorists?.” Journal of Political Ideologies 9 (3): 241–252. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Cleen, Benjamin. 2009. “Popular Music Against Extreme Right Populism.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 12 (6): 577–595. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Cleen, Benjamin, and Nico Carpentier. 2010. “Contesting Extreme Right Populism through Popular Culture. The Vlaams Belang and the 0110 Concerts in Belgium.” Social Semiotics 20 (2): 175–196. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Cleen, Benjamin. 2013. “The Vlaams Blok/Belang Versus the Flemish City Theatres. An Analysis of Populist Radical Right Rhetoric about Culture.” In Right-wing Populism in Europe: Politics and discourse, ed. by Majid Khosravinik, Brigitte Mral, and Ruth Wodak: 209–222. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016a. “The Party of the People versus the Cultural Elite. Populism and Nationalism in Flemish Radical Right Rhetoric about Artists.” JOMEC – Journal of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies vol. 9. [URL]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016b. “Representing ‘the People’. The Articulation of Nationalism and Populism in the Rhetoric of the Flemish VB.” In Le Destin de la Norme, ed. by Jérôme Jamin: 224–242. Brussels: Academia Bruylant.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. “Populism and Nationalism.” In Handbook of Populism, ed. by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy: 342–362. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Cleen, Benjamin, and Yannis Stavrakakis. 2017. “Distinctions and Articulations. Discourse Theory and the Study of Populism and Nationalism.” Javnost – The Public, 27(4): 301–319. .Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Cleen, Benjamin, Jason Glynos and Aurelien Mondon. 2018. “Critical Research on Populism: Nine Rules of Engagement.” Organization 25(5): 649–661. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Cleen, Benjamin and Stavrakakis, Yannis. 2019. “Populismo y nacionalismo: representando al pueblo como ‘los de abajo’ y como nación.” Anales de la Cátedra Francisco Suárez 53: 97–130. [URL]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
de la Torre, Carlos. 1997. “Populism And Democracy. Political Discourses And Cultures In Contemporary Ecuador.” Latin American Perspectives 24 (3): 12–24. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1998. “Populist Redemption And The Unfinished Democratization Of Latin America.” Constellations 5 (1): 85–95. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Di Tella, Torcuato. 1965. “Populism and Reform in Latin America?” In Obstacles to Change in Latin America, ed. by Claudio Veliz: 47–74. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dyrberg, Torben Bech. 2003. “Right/Left In Context Of New Political Frontiers: What’s Radical Politics Today?” Journal of Language and Politics 2 (2): 339–342. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2006. “Radical and Plural Democracy: in Defence of Right/Left and Public Reason.” In Radical Democracy. Politics between Abundance and Lack, ed. by Lars Tønder, and Lasse Thomassen: 167–184. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fieschi, Catherine, and Paul Heywood. 2004. “Trust, Cynicism and Populist Anti-Politics.” Journal of Political Ideologies 9 (3): 289–309. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Germani, Gino. 1978. Authoritarianism, Fascism and National Populism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Glynos, Jason. 2008. “Ideological Fantasy at Work.” Journal of Political Ideologies 13 (3): 275–296. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Glynos, Jason, and David Howarth. 2007. Logics Of Critical Explanation In Social And Political Theory. London and New York: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Howarth, David. 2005. “Applying Discourse Theory: The Method of Articulation.” In Discourse Theory in European Politics, ed. by David Howarth, and Jakob Torfing: 316–350. London: Palgrave. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2008. “Ethos, Agonism, and Populism.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 10: 171–193. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Howarth, David, and Yannis Stavrakakis. 2000. “Introducing Discourse Theory and Political Analysis.” In Discourse Theory And Political Analysis. Identities, Hegemony And Social Change, ed. by David Howarth, Aletta Norval, and Yannis Stavrakakis: 1–23. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ignazi, Piero. 1992. “The Silent Counter-Revolution. Hypotheses On The Emergence Of Extreme Right Parties In Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 12 (1): 3–34. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jagers, Jan, and Stefaan Walgrave. 2007. “Populism As Political Communication Style: An Empirical Study Of Political Parties’ Discourse In Belgium.” European Journal of Political Research 46 (3): 319–345. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jansen, Robert S. 2011. “Populist Mobilization: A New Theoretical Approach To Populism.” Sociological theory 29 (2): 75–96. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kazin, Michael. 1995. The Populist Persuasion. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, with McGann, Anthony. 1995. The Radical Right In Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2002. “Popular Dissatisfaction With Democracy: Populism And Party Systems.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, ed. by Yves Mény, and Yves Surel: 179–196. Houndmills: Palgrave. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kögl, Irene. 2010. “A Clash Of Paradigms: Populism and Theory Building.” Sociedade e Cultura 13 (2): 173–180.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Krzyżanowski, Michał, and Ruth Wodak. 2009. The Politics Of Exclusion: Debating Migration In Austria. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto. 1977. Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005a. On Populist Reason. London: Verso.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005b. “Populism: What’s in a Name?” In Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, ed. by Francisco Panizza: 32–49. London: Verso.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laclau, Ernesto, and Chantal Mouffe. 2001 [1985]. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (2nd ed). London: Verso.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacRae, Donald. 1969. “Populism as an Ideology” In Populism. Its Meanings and Characteristics, ed. by Ghita Ionescu, and Ernest Gellner: 153–165. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mény, Yves, and Yves Surel. 2000. Par le Peuple, Pour le Peuple: le Populisme et les Démocraties. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(eds.). 2002. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Houndmills: Palgrave. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Minogue, Kenneth. 1969. “Populism as a Political Movement.” In Populism. Its Meanings and Characteristics, ed. by Ghita Ionescu, and Ernest Gellner: 197–111. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moffit, Benjamin, and Simon Tormey. 2014. “Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style.” Political studies 62 (2): 381–397. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moffitt, Benjamin. 2015. “How to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in Contemporary Populism.” Government and Opposition 50 (2): 189–217. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2016. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas. 2000. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39 (4): 541–563. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2012. “Populism and (liberal) democracy: a framework for analysis.” In Populism in Europe and the Americas. Threat or Corrective to Democracy?, ed. by Cas Mudde, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser: 1–26. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Müller, Jan-Werner. 2016. What is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2005. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ostiguy, Pierre. 2009. The High-Low Political Divide. Rethinking Populism and Anti- Populism. Kellogg Institute Committee on Concepts and Methods Working Paper 360. [URL]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Panizza, Francisco. 2005a. “Introduction: Populism and the Mirror of Democracy.” In Populism and the Mirror of Democracy, ed. by Francisco Panizza: 1–31. London: Verso.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(ed.). 2005b. Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. London: Verso.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reinfeldt, Sebastian. Nicht-wir und Die-da. Studien zum Rechten Populismus. Wien: Braumüller 2000.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M. 1995. “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America.” World Politics 48 (1): 82–116. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
2006. “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 38 (2): 127–148. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1968. “The Sociology of Parties: a Critical Review.” In Party Systems, Party Organizations, and the Politics of the New Masses, ed. by Otto Stammer: 1–25. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stanley, Ben. 2008. “The Thin Ideology of Populism.” Journal of Political Ideologies 13 (1): 95–110. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stavrakakis, Yannis. 2004. “Antinomies of Formalism. Laclau’s Theory of Populism and the Lessons from Religious Populism in Greece.” Journal of Political Ideologies 9 (3): 253–267. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. “The Return of ‘the People’: Populism and Anti-Populism in the Shadow of the European Crisis.” Constellations 21(4): 505–517. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. “How Did ‘Populism’ Become a Pejorative Concept? And Why is this Important Today? A Genealogy of Double Hermeneutics.” Populismus Working Papers 6. [URL]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stavrakakis, Yannis, and Giorgios Katsambekis. 2014. “Left-wing Populism in the European Periphery: The Case of SYRIZA.” Journal of Political Ideologies 19 (2): 119–142. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Taggart, Paul. 2000. Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. “Populism and the Pathology of Representative Politics.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, ed. by Yves Mény and Yves Surel: 62–80. Houndmills: Palgrave. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Taguieff, Pierre-André. 1997. “Le Populisme et la Science Politique du Mirage Conceptuel aux Vrais Problèmes.” Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire 56: 4–33. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1998. “Populismes et anti-populismes: le choc des argumentations.” Mots: les languages du politique 55: 5–26. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Torfing, Jakob. 1999. New Theories of Discourse. Laclau, Mouffe and Žižek. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ware, Alan. 2002. “The United States: Populism as Political Strategy.” In Democracies and the Populist Challenge, ed. by Yves Mény, and Yves Surel: 101–119. Houndmills: Palgrave. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2001. “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics.” Comparative politics 34 (1): 1–22. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wiles, Peter. 1969. “A Syndrome, not a Doctrine: Some Elementary Theses on Populism.” In Populism. Its Meanings and Characteristics, ed. Ghita Ionescu, and Ernest Gellner: 166–179. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wodak, Ruth. 2015. The Politics of Fear. What Right-wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: Sage. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wodak, Ruth, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, and Karin Liebhart. 2009. The Discursive Construction of National Identity (2nd ed). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (32)

Cited by 32 other publications

Bailly, Jessy, Coline Rondiat, Anaïs Augé & Min Reuchamps
2025. Populism as a centrist strategy for disqualification: The use of ‘populism(s)/populist(s)’ in Belgian, French and Spanish Parliaments. Parliamentary Affairs 78:2 ► pp. 425 ff. DOI logo
Biancalana, Cecilia, Christian Lamour, Oscar Mazzoleni, Grégoire Yerly & Paul Carls
2025. Multiscalar strategies in right-wing populism: a comparison of West European parties in borderlands. Territory, Politics, Governance 13:7 ► pp. 941 ff. DOI logo
He, Kun, Scott A Eldridge & Marcel Broersma
2025. The discursive logics of online populism: social media as a “pressure valve” of public debate in China. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 22:2 ► pp. 151 ff. DOI logo
He, Kun, Scott A Eldridge & Marcel Broersma
2025. Internet memes, populist campaigns: Nationalism, populism, and online visual protests in China. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 31:1 ► pp. 206 ff. DOI logo
He, Kun, Scott A. Eldridge & Marcel Broersma
2023. Who are the people? Populists’ articulation of “the people” in contemporary China. Chinese Journal of Communication 16:3 ► pp. 267 ff. DOI logo
Ivaldi, Gilles & Oscar Mazzoleni
2025. Producerist populist attitudes and electoral support for populism in the USA and Western Europe. Socio-Economic Review 23:1 ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Novais, Rui Alexandre & Rogério Christofoletti
2025. Introduction: Meta-Othering? Right-Wing Populism Globally Capitalizing on Exclusionary Antagonisms and Moral Divides. In The Palgrave Handbook on Right-Wing Populism and Otherness in Global Perspective [Global Political Sociology, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Ramos-González, Jorge
2025. Populism and contingency. Journal of Language and Politics 24:5 ► pp. 783 ff. DOI logo
Ruth-Lovell, Saskia P. & Nina Wiesehomeier
2025. Populism in Power and Different Models of Democracy. PS: Political Science & Politics 58:1 ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
Sandoval, Cristóbal
2025. Latin American Populism Between Horizontalism and Verticalism. Las Torres de Lucca. International Journal of Political Philosophy 14:2 ► pp. 241 ff. DOI logo
Talamayan, Fernan & John Lee Candelaria
2025. Populist desires, nostalgic narratives: the Marcos golden age myth and manipulation of collective memories on YouTube. Asian Journal of Political Science 33:1 ► pp. 55 ff. DOI logo
Tao, Yuzhou, Zhiqin Zhan, Han Zhou, Jingshi Kang & Shaojing Sun
2025. Measuring Chinese online populist discourse: an automated semantic text analysis method. Chinese Journal of Communication 18:2 ► pp. 121 ff. DOI logo
Yanchenko, Kostiantyn, Artur Lipiński & Giorgos Venizelos
2025. We, the … elites? Anti-elitism of governing populist parties in Poland, Greece, and Ukraine. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 33:4 ► pp. 1291 ff. DOI logo
Zehnter, Lisa
2025. Identity Through Distinction: Contextualizing Populist In- and Outgroup References. Political Studies DOI logo
Breazu, Petre & Aidan McGarry
2024. Romaphobia in the UK Right-Wing Press: racist and populist discourse during the Brexit referendum. Social Semiotics 34:4 ► pp. 593 ff. DOI logo
Marcos‐Marne, Hugo & Mariana Sendra
2024. Everything for the people, but trust? Exploring the link between populist attitudes and social trust in Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Swiss Political Science Review 30:3 ► pp. 263 ff. DOI logo
Novais, Rui Alexandre Sousa da Costa & Ângela Maria Teixiera Leite
2024. Attack in the Form of Defense? Populist Anti-media Tactics to Avoid Being Blamed. Palabra Clave 27:4 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Shchinova, Nadezda, Barbara De Cock & Philippe Hambye
2024. What Does Populism Mean in Belgian Media Discourse? A Corpus-Assisted Analysis of the Terms Populism and Populist in French- and Dutch-Speaking Media in Belgium. In Discourse Approaches to an Emerging Age of Populist Politics [The Language of Politics, ], ► pp. 15 ff. DOI logo
Zienkowski, Jan
2024. Poststructuralist discourse theory. In Handbook of Pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 187 ff. DOI logo
González-Aguilar, Juan Manuel, Francisco Segado-Boj & Mykola Makhortykh
2023. Populist Right Parties on TikTok: Spectacularization, Personalization, and Hate Speech. Media and Communication 11:2 DOI logo
Krämer, Benjamin, Emily Alexander & Peter Maurer
2023. How German Communication Research Discovered Bourdieu but Missed His Potential for the Study of (Populist) Political Communication. History of Media Studies 3 DOI logo
Vaughan, Michael & Annett Heft
2023. Anti‐elitism in the European Radical Right in Comparative Perspective. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 61:1 ► pp. 76 ff. DOI logo
Wojczewski, Thorsten
2023. The Populist Challenge to International Relations: Concept-Stretching, Methodological Nationalism and the Omission of Popular Sovereignty. In The Inter- and Transnational Politics of Populism, ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Wojczewski, Thorsten
2023. Theorizing the Relations Between Populism and Foreign Policy: A Discursive, Poststructuralist Approach. In The Inter- and Transnational Politics of Populism, ► pp. 73 ff. DOI logo
Čapinská, Barbora
2023. Love thy ‘populist’. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 11:1 ► pp. 48 ff. DOI logo
Aiolfi, Théo
2022. Populism as a Transgressive Style. Global Studies Quarterly 2:1 DOI logo
Connett, Ricardo
2022. La construcción de la identidad de Vox en el discurso de Santiago Abascal. Verba Hispanica 30:1 ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
Kantara, Argyro
2022. Naturalising Populism as a Collaborative Interactional Practice in Broadcast Media. In Institutionality, ► pp. 277 ff. DOI logo
Oswald, Michael, Mario Schäfer & Elena Broda
2022. The New Age of Populism: Reapproaching a Diffuse Concept. In The Palgrave Handbook of Populism, ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Venizelos, Giorgos
2022. Populism or Nationalism? The ‘Paradoxical’ Non-Emergence of Populism in Cyprus. Political Studies 70:3 ► pp. 797 ff. DOI logo
De Cleen, Benjamin, Jana Goyvaerts, Nico Carpentier, Jason Glynos & Yannis Stavrakakis
2021. Moving discourse theory forward. Journal of Language and Politics 20:1 ► pp. 22 ff. DOI logo
Furko, Peter
2019. Populist discursive strategies surrounding the immigration quota referendum in Hungary. In Imagining the Peoples of Europe [Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 83], ► pp. 341 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue