Cover not available

Article published In: Concentric
Vol. 49:1 (2023) ► pp.70–95

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB
authorization required

An experimental investigation of P/Case‑drop in Korean gapping

ORCiD logo with link | Korea University
Published online: 25 May 2023
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/consl.22038.kim
Abstract
This study examines two syntactic analyses of P/Case-drop in Korean gapping (aka right-node-raising or right-peripheral ellipsis): LF copying (Abe, Jun, and Hiroto Hoshi. 1997. Gapping and P-stranding. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6.11:101–136. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) and PF deletion (Kim, Jeong-Seok. 1997. Syntactic Focus Movement and Ellipsis: A Minimalist Approach. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Connecticut at Storrs, CT, USA.). We employ two online acceptability rating experiments to investigate to what extent the distribution of P/Case-drop is controlled by grammatical and extra-grammatical constraints. The experimental findings suggest that (a) linear non-parallelism elicits a processing cost for gapping and (b) P/Case-drop is a costly operation, which results in higher frequencies of PP fragments (in relation to NP fragments) and Case-marked NP fragments (in relation to Case-less NP fragments). We argue that the parallelism effect follows from the parser’s general preference to keep the structure of each conjunct maximally parallel in a coordination structure (Kim, Nayoun, Katy Carlson, Mike Dickey, and Masaya Yoshida. 2020. Processing gapping: Parallelism and grammatical constraints. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73.51:781–798. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). Given this, we conclude that P/Case-drop phenomena in Korean gapping are better explained by a PF deletion analysis, supplemented with extra deletion (. 2016. Extra deletion in fragment answers and its implications. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 25.41:313–350. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, . 2019. On certain adjacency effects in ellipsis contexts. Linguistic Inquiry 50.21:337–355. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Erschler, David. 2022. Extra deletion processes: Implications for the timing of ellipsis. The Derivational Timing of Ellipsis, ed. by Anikó Lipták and Güliz Güneş, 57–96. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) and ellipsis parallelism (Frazier, Lyn, Alan Munn, and Charles Clifton Jr. 2000. Parsing coordinate structures. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 29.41:343–370. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Kehler, Andrew. 2000. Coherence and the resolution of ellipsis. Linguistics and Philosophy 231:533–575. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Frazier, Lyn, and Charles Clifton Jr. 2001. Parsing coordinates and ellipsis: Copy α. Syntax 4.11:1–22. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar; Carlson, Katy. 2002. Parallelism and Prosody in the Processing of Ellipsis Sentences. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar), rather than by an LF copying analysis.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Ellipsis approach to Korean/Japanese gapping
    • 2.1LF copying analysis
    • 2.2PF deletion analysis
    • 2.3Processing of parallelism and P/Case-drop in gapping
  • 3.Experiments
    • 3.1Experiment 1
      • 3.1.1Participants, materials, and design
      • 3.1.2Procedure
      • 3.1.3Data analysis
      • 3.1.4Results and discussion
    • 3.2Experiment 2
      • 3.2.1Participants, materials, and design
      • 3.2.2Results and discussion
  • 4.General discussion and analysis of P/Case-drop
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • List of abbreviations
  • References
References (49)
References
Abbott, Barbara. 1976. Right node raising as a test for constituenthood. Linguistic Inquiry 7.41:639–642.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Abe, Jun, and Hiroto Hoshi. 1997. Gapping and P-stranding. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6.11:101–136. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
An, Duk-Ho. 2007. Syntax at the PF Interface: Prosodic Mapping, Linear Order, and Deletion. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Connecticut at Storrs, CT, USA.
. 2016. Extra deletion in fragment answers and its implications. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 25.41:313–350. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. On certain adjacency effects in ellipsis contexts. Linguistic Inquiry 50.21:337–355. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baayen, Rolf H., Douglas J. Davidson, and Douglas M. Bates. 2008. Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language 59.41:390–412. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Barr, Dale J., Roger Levy, Christoph Scheepers, and Harry J. Tily. 2013. Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language 68.31:255–278. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bates, Douglas, Martin Mächler, Benjamin M. Bolker, and Steven C. Walker. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67.11:1–48.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan. 1974. The position of certain clause-particles in phrase structure. Linguistic Inquiry 51:614–619.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carlson, Katy. 2002. Parallelism and Prosody in the Processing of Ellipsis Sentences. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coppock, Elizabeth. 2001. Gapping: In defense of deletion. Proceedings of the 37th Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. by Mary Andronis, Christopher Ball, Heidi Elston and Sylvain Neuvel, 133–148. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Erschler, David. 2022. Extra deletion processes: Implications for the timing of ellipsis. The Derivational Timing of Ellipsis, ed. by Anikó Lipták and Güliz Güneş, 57–96. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Frazier, Lyn, and Charles Clifton Jr. 2001. Parsing coordinates and ellipsis: Copy α. Syntax 4.11:1–22. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Frazier, Lyn, Alan Munn, and Charles Clifton Jr. 2000. Parsing coordinate structures. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 29.41:343–370. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hankamer, Jorge. 1979. Deletion in Coordinate Structures. New York, NY: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hornstein, Norbert, and Jairo Nunes. 2002. On asymmetries between parasitic gaps and across-the-board constructions. Syntax 5.11:26–54. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Huang, C.-T. James. 1982. Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA.
Johnson, Kyle. 2006. Gapping. The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, ed. by Martin Everaert, Henk van Riemsdijk, Rob Goedmans and Bart Hollebrandse, 145–173. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2009. Gapping is not (VP-) ellipsis. Linguistic Inquiry 40.21:289–328. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. Gapping and stripping. The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis, ed. by Jeroen van Craenenbroeck and Tanja Temmerman, 562–604. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kehler, Andrew. 2000. Coherence and the resolution of ellipsis. Linguistics and Philosophy 231:533–575. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, Jeong-Seok. 1997. Syntactic Focus Movement and Ellipsis: A Minimalist Approach. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Connecticut at Storrs, CT, USA.
Kim, Jong-Bok. 2015. Syntactic and semantic identity in Korean sluicing: A direct interpretation approach. Lingua 1661:260–293. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, Jungsoo, and Sang-Hee Park. 2021. An experimental investigation of parallelism conditions on right peripheral ellipsis in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics 46.11:79–106. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, Nayoun, Katy Carlson, Mike Dickey, and Masaya Yoshida. 2020. Processing gapping: Parallelism and grammatical constraints. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73.51:781–798. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kim, Taeho. 2008. Subject and Object Markings in Conversational Korean. Doctoral dissertation, The State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA.
Kuno, Susumu. 1973. The Syntax of the Japanese Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1978. Japanese: A characteristic OV language. Syntactic Typology, ed. by Winfred P. Lehmann, 57–138. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, Alexandra, Per B. Brockhoff, and Rune H. B. Christensen. 2017. LmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software 82.131:1–26. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lenth, Russell, Henrik Singmann, Jonathon Love, Paul Buerkner, and Maxime Herve. 2018. Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means (Version 1.4.6) [R package]. Retrieved August 29, 2022, from [URL]
Lin, Vivian I-Wen. 2002. Coordination and Sharing at the Interfaces. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA.
Maling, Joan. 1972. On gapping and the order of constituents. Linguistic Inquiry 31:101–108.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McCawley, James D. 1993. Gapping with shared operators. Proceedings of the 19th Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser and Cheryl C. Zoll, 245–254. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mukai, Emi. 2003. On verbless conjunction in Japanese. Proceedings of the 33rd North East Linguistic Society, ed. by Shigeto Kawahara and Makoto Kadowaki, 205–224. Amherst, MA: GLSA.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Neijt, Anneke. 1979. Gapping: A Contribution to Sentence Grammar. Dordrecht, Germany: Foris.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nykiel, Joanna, and John A. Hawkins. 2020. English fragments, minimize domains, and minimize forms. Language and Cognition 12.31:441–443. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Park, Myung-Kwan. 1994. A Morpho-syntactic Study of Korean Verbal Inflection. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Connecticut at Storrs, CT, USA.
Postal, Paul M. 1974. On Raising: One Rule of English Grammar and its Theoretical Implications. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
R Core Team. 2020. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.6.3) [Computer software]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ross, John R. 1967. Constraints on Variables in Syntax. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA.
1970. Gapping and the order of constituents. Progress in Linguistics, ed. by Manfred Bierwisch and Kurt Heidolph, 249–259. The Hague: Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Saito, Mamoru. 1987. Three notes on syntactic movement in Japanese. Issues in Japanese Linguistics, ed. by Takashi Imai and Mamoru Saito, 301–350. Dordrecht, Germany: Foris. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schütze, Carson T., and Jon Sprouse. 2013. Judgment data. Research Methods in Linguistics, ed. by Robert J. Podesva and Devyani Sharma, 27–50. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sohn, Keun-Won. 1994. On gapping and right node raising. Explorations in Generative Grammar, ed. by Young-Sun Kim, Kyoung-Jae Lee, Byung-Choon Lee, Hyun-Kwon Yang and Jong-Yurl Yoon, 589–611. Seoul, Korea: Hankuk Publishing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1999. Deletion or copying: Right node raising in Korean and Japanese. Proceedings of the Nanzan GLOW, ed. by Mamoru Saito, Yasuaki Abe, Hiroshi Aoyagi, Masatake Arimoto, Keiko Murasugi and Tatsuya Suzuki, 367–384. Nagoya, Japan: Nanzan University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sprouse, Jon, Troy Messick, and Jonathan David Bobaljik. 2022. Gender asymmetries in ellipsis: An experimental comparison of markedness and frequency accounts in English. Journal of Linguistics 581:345–379. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zehr, Jérémy, and Florian Schwarz. 2018. PennController for internet based experiments (IBEX). Retrieved August 29, 2022, from [URL]Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue