Article published In: Concentric
Vol. 47:1 (2021) ► pp.93–112
Nativised structural patterns of make light verb construction in Malaysian English
Published online: 19 April 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/consl.00024.rah
https://doi.org/10.1075/consl.00024.rah
Abstract
This study investigated nativised structural patterns of light verb constructions (LVCs) in Malaysian English using a
corpus-based, descriptive approach to analyse grammatical innovations. To facilitate the analysis, a 100-million-word general corpus
comprising threads from Lowyat.Net, a popular Internet forum in Malaysia, was created, and the British National Corpus (BNC) was used as the
reference corpus. Using the Sketch Engine corpus tool, the three most frequently occurring make LVCs in the Malaysian English
corpus were identified. The data was analysed to reveal the differences between the structures of make LVC in Malaysian English and
its prototypical structure. The findings show that besides the non-isomorphic deverbal noun form, make LVCs in Malaysian English
prefer taking the basic constituents of an LVC. Nativised LVCs are essentially those with zero articles and isomorphic deverbal nouns taking
definite articles, determiners, and descriptive adjectives in their modifier slots. The zero article LVC is the most common nativised
structure pattern due to the influence of substrate languages in Malaysian English.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Light verb constructions
- 3.Material and method
- 4.Findings
- 4.1Structural patterns of LVCs in Malaysian English
- 4.2Nativised LVC in Malaysian English
- 5.Discussion
- 6.Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
References
References (56)
Alatis, James E., and Peter H. Lowenberg. 2001. The three circles of English: An afterword to the conference in honour of Professor Braj B. Kachru. The Three Circles of English: Language Specialists Talk about the English language, ed. by Edwin Thumboo, 428–431. Singapore: UniPress.
Algeo, John. 1995. Having a look at the expanded predicate. The Verb in Contemporary English: Theory and Description, ed. by Bas Aarts and Charles F. Meyer, 203–217. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Asmah, Haji Omar. 1996. Post-imperial English in Malaysia. Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies 1940–1990, ed. by Joshua A. Fishman, Andrew W. Conrad and Alma Rubal-Lopez, 513–534. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Baskaran, Loga Mahesan. 1994. The Malaysian English mosaic: An outline of the three social dialects and hybrid style of a vigorous ‘New
English’. English Today 10.1:27–32.
. 2005. A Malaysian English Premier: Aspects of Malaysian English Features. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaya Press.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Edinburgh, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. Englishes in Cyprus or Cyprus English: An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Butt, Miriam. 2003. The light verbs jungle. Workshop on Multi-Verb Constructions. Retrieved September 17, 2020, from [URL]
Claridge, Claudia. 2007. Constructing a corpus from the web: Message boards. Corpus Linguistics and the Web, ed. by Marianne Hundt, Nadja Nesselhaul and Carolin Biewer, 87–108. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Collins, Peter. 2014. Modal expressions in Malaysian English. English in Malaysia: Postcolonial and Beyond, ed. by Hajar Abdul Rahim and Shakila Abdul Manan, 127–160. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Dixon, Robert M. W. 2005. She gave him a look, they both had a laugh and then took a stroll: give a verb, have a verb and
take a verb constructions. A Semantic Approach to English Grammar, ed. by Robert M. W. Dixon, 459–483. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
Elenbaas, Marion. 2013. The synchronic and diachronic status of English light verbs. Linguistic Variation 13.1:48–80.
Giparaitė, Judita. 2016. Complementation of light verb constructions in World Englishness: A corpus-based study. Žmogus ir žodis (Svetimosios kalbos) 18.3:19–39.
. 2017. A Corpus-Based Study of the Modification of Light Verb Constructions with the Deverbal Noun Laugh in British, American,
and some Asian Varieties of English. Retrieved September 17, 2020, from [URL]
Goh, Gabey. 2014. Digerati50: Building Online Communities, the ‘Content Way’. Retrieved February 10, 2020, from [URL]
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions. A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Gut, Ulrike, and Stefanie Pillai. 2014. Prosodic marking of information structure by Malaysian speakers of English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36.2:283–302.
Hajar, Abdul Rahim. 2014. Malaysian English lexis: Postcolonial and beyond. English in Malaysia: Postcolonial and Beyond, ed. by Hajar Abdul Rahim and Shakila Abdul Manan, 35–54. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Hajar, Abdul Rahim, and Harshita Aini Haroon. 2003. The use of native lexical items in English texts as a codeswitching strategy. Extending the Scope of Corpus-based Research: New Applications, New Challenges, ed. by Sylviane Granger and Stephanie Petch-Tyson, 159–175. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Hill, Jimmie. 2000. Revisiting priorities: From grammatical failure to collocational success. Teaching Collocation: Further Development in the Lexical Approach, ed. by Michael Lewis, 47–69. London: Language Teaching Publications.
Hoffmann, Sebastian, Marianne Hundt, and Joybrato Mukherjee. 2011. Indian English—an emerging epicentre? A pilot study on light verbs in web-derived corpora of South Asian
Englishes. Anglia 129.3–4:258–280.
Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kachru, Braj B. 1981. The pragmatics of non-native varieties of English. English for Cross-Cultural Communication, ed. by Larry E. Smith, 15–39. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. 2009. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lim, Gerard. 2001. Till divorce do us part: The case of Singaporean and Malaysian English. Evolving Identities: The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia, ed. by Vincent B. Y. Ooi, 125–139. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Lowenberg, Peter H., and Tom McArthur. 1992. Malaysian English. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, ed. by Tom McArthur, 640–644. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mair, Christian. 2011. Corpora and the New Englishes: Using the ‘Corpus of Cyber-Jamaican’ to explore research perspectives for the
future. A Taste for Corpora: In Honour of Sylviane Granger, ed. by Fanny Meunier, Sylvie De Cock, Gaëtanelle Gilquin and Magali Paquot, 209–236. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
McEnery, Tony, and Andrew Hardie. 2012. Corpus linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mehl, Seth. 2017. Light verb semantics in the International Corpus of English: Onomasiological variation, identity evidence and
degrees of lightness. English Language & Linguistics 23.1:55–80.
Mollin, Sandra. 2007. New variety or learner English? Criteria for variety status and the case of Euro-English. English World-Wide 28.2:167–185.
Morais, Elaine. 2001. Lectal varieties of Malaysian English. Evolving Identities: The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia, ed. by Vincent B. Y. Ooi, 33–52. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Mukherjee, Joybrato. 2007. Steady states in the evolution of New Englishes: Present-day Indian English as an equilibrium. Journal of English Linguistics 35.2:157–187.
Nair-Venugopal, Shanta. 2000. English, identity and the Malaysian workplace. World Englishes 19.2:205–213.
Newbrook, Mark. 2006. Malaysian English: Status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features. World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, ed. by Kingsley Bolton and Braj B. Kachru, 390–417. London: Routledge.
Pillai, Stefanie. 2014. The monophthongs and diphthongs of Malaysian English: An instrumental analysis. English in Malaysia: Postcolonial and Beyond, ed. by Hajar Abdul Rahim and Shakila Abdul Manan, 55–86. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Pillai, Stefanie, Zuraidah Mohd Don, Gerald Knowles, and Jennifer Tang. 2010. Malaysian English: An instrumental analysis of vowel contrasts. World Englishes 29.2:159–172.
Platt, John T., Heidi Weber, and Ho Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Sand, Andrea. 2004. Shared morpho-syntactic features in contact varieties of English: Article use. World Englishes 23.2:281–298.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79.2:233–281.
Shahrokny-Prehn, Arian, and Silke Höche. 2011. Rising through the registers—A corpus-based account of the stylistic constraints on light verb
constructions. Corpus 101:239–257.
Sharma, Devyani. 2012. Shared features in New Englishes. Areal Features of the Anglophone World, ed. by Raymond Hickey, 211–232. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Sketch Engine. 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2020, from [URL]
Smith, Adam. 2009. Light verbs in Australian, New Zealand and British English. Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English: Grammar and Beyond, ed. by Pam Peters, Peter Collins and Adam Smith, 139–154. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Soo, Kengsoon. 1990. Malaysian English at the crossroad: Some sign-posts. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 11.3:199–214.
Tan, Peter K. W. 1998. Malay loan words across different dialects of English. English Today 14.4:44–50.
. 2013. Nativised prepositional verbs in Malaysian English from the perspective of language contact. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 19.3:103–114.
Vincze, Veronika, István, Nagy T., and Gábor Berend. 2011. Detecting noun compounds and light verb constructions: A contrastive study. Paper presented at the Workshop on Multiword Expressions: From Parsing and Generation to the Real World (MWE 2011), Portland Marriott Downtown
Waterfront, Oregon.
Wahid, Ridwan. 2013. Definite article usage across varieties of English. World Englishes 32.1:23–41.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Ong, Christina Sook Beng & Hajar Abdul Rahim
2025.
Give, take, and make light verb constructions in mesolectal Malaysian
English. English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 46:2 ► pp. 213 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
