In:Constraints on Language Variation and Change in Complex Multilingual Contact Settings
Edited by Bertus van Rooy and Haidee Kotze
[Contact Language Library 60] 2024
► pp. 287–293
Index
Published online: 20 June 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/coll.60.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/coll.60.index
A
- academic text
- frequency of nouns244
- Afrikaans
- and WSAfE: convergence during 20th century 49–50
- contact with WSAfE 46–47, 53
- corpus36
- effect on English genitive variation 29–53
- genitive variation 31–32
- se-genitive45
- Afrikaans fiction see fiction, Afrikaans
- Afrikaans newswriting see newswriting, Afrikaans
- American English
- inanimate possessors in44
- s-genitive use in33
- analyticity94
- vs. hyperclarity94
- Anglicisms11
- animacy
- effect on genitive choice 32–34
- of possessors 32–34
- asymmetric bilingualism161
- Australian English
- s-genitive use in34
B
- base constraints
- summary of 17–18
- bidirectionality
- of cross-linguistic influence (CLI)267
- bilingual activation constraint
- vs. cross-linguistic influence99
- bilingual activation constraint92
- bilingual communication
- definition of154
- bilingual comparison patterns
- English–French 155–156
- bilingual language activation
- consequences of 256–261
- effect on cognitive demand217
- effect on linguistic patterns93
- effect on usage events11
- in learner translation20
- in Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English146
- similarities of languages produced281
- bilingual language production
- simplification in 158–160
- bilingual policy64
- bilingualism
- as a driver of genitive preferences change80
- register variation in194
- bilingual–monolingual cline101
- Black South African English (BSAfE)
- as an L2 variety of English91
- corpus100
- development of 87–88
- factors conditioning that/Ø-alternation 106–111
- variation within88
- borrowing
- grammatical30
- lexical30
- bottom-up computational approach20
- British English
- inanimate possessors in44
- s-genitive use in33
C
- code-mixing276
- cognitive demand
- of bilingual activation217
- collocations
- as signals of constrained language use 193–198
- colonial lag50
- combination analyses236
- advantages of149
- communicative constraints
- of New English and Learner English 127–130
- complex comparisons
- advantages and disadvantages of21
- complexity
- in L2/FL language production160
- of translated vs. non-translated texts 228–229
- complexity variables
- effect on that/Ø-alternation 108–109
- concordance line
- predictor variables 102–104
- conditional inference tree
- of role of translation in language change 69–72
- of variables influencing genitive choice 84–85
- of variables influencing that/Ø-alternation119
- vs. random forest analysis111
- conservatism
- study of280
- constrained communication
- definition of5
- constrained communication framework
- challenges of8
- purpose/design23
- constrained language
- collocations as signals of use 193–198
- criteria for generalisability in198
- definition of 30, 192
- effect of register 215–216
- historical gaps in study of192
- constrained language framework
- predictive capacity282
- constrained language varieties
275–276
- definition of 17–18, 275
- constrainedness dimension
- identification of 217–218
- constrainedness effects
- common across languages 215–217
- identifying features 195–197
- constraint
- definition of30
- constraint dimensions
- interaction of281
- of language production5
- constraint dimensions 233–234
- constraint of language change
- effect of translation 59–60
- constraints, micro-level
- in translation177
- contact linguistics see language contact
- conventionalisation
- sociocognitive effect on11
- conventionalised vs. innovative expressions 273–274
- core passives
- English vs. German246
- core vocabulary coverage165
- in L1 French and FL English translations169
- corpora
35, 37, 125–127, 161, 222
- newswriting 162–163
- corpus compilation methods 66–67
- corpus methodology
- challenges of 22–23
- corpus-based translation studies (CBTS)
- translation directionality 157–158
- covert transfer30
- cross-linguistic comparability 193–194
- cross-linguistic comparable features 200–202
- cross-linguistic comparison278
- workflow 202–203
- cross-linguistic influence (CLI)
258–261
- bidirectionality267
- considerations when interpreting results 111–112
- definition of6
- effect on usage events11
- French–Spanish translations158
- from Afrikaans to English33
- from English to Afrikaans53
- hypothesis 193–194
- in English–Afrikaans translations 78–79
- in L2 writing226
- of translation 59–60
- vs. bilingual activation constraint99
- cross-linguistic priming31
D
- deliberate choice vs. psycholinguistic fluidity16
- diachronic bidirectional parallel corpus 64–65
- diachronic comparative study 34–46
- directionality
- effect on language activation20
E
- editorial intervention
- effect on genitive choice49
- effect on that-complementiser100
- English
- similarities between native, non-native and translated 195–196
- as a Foreign Language2
- Dimension 1 205–208
- English, constrained
- key features204
- English, indigenised see L2 English
- English, learner see English as a Foreign Language
- English>French translation
- language activation in 161–162
- language proficiency in 161–162
- task expertise in 161–162
- English–Afrikaans contact 29–53
- English–Afrikaans translation
- cross-linguistic influence 78–79
- Entrenchment-and-Conventionalisation (E-C) model 8–10
- expert writing
- frequency of infinitives 240–241
- explicitness increased
257–258
- as a result of language activation6
- extensive language contact, effect of3
F
- features weights
- in text characterisation240
- fiction
- as an innovative register41
- inanimate possessors in Afrikaans43
- Finnish Dimension 1 208–211
- Finnish, constrained
- key features204
- first language vs. second language16
- FL English translation
- core vocabulary coverage169
- lexical density169
- lexico-syntactic simplicity 168–171
- mean sentence length169
- FL into L1
- translation constraints 161–162
- formal variation
- in translation263
- French>English translation
- language activation in 161–162
- language proficiency in 161–162
- task expertise in 161–162
G
- generalisability in constrained language
- criteria for198
- genitive alternation
- in translation 18–19
- genitive choice
- additional constraints on51
- authors vs. translators74
- effect of editorial intervention on49
- effect of possessor animacy 61–62
- of translators272
- possessor animacy as a predictor of 70–71
- random forest analysis 69–71
- genitive distribution
- in ICE-SA and ICE-GB39
- genitive preference change
- as a result of bilingualism80
- genitive use
- effect of final sibilant possessors62
- in Afrikaans and SA English 61–63
- genitive variation
- as a diagnostic for cross-linguistic influence 31–32
- definition of31
- effect of Afrikaans on 29–53
- effect of phonological factors 62, 68
- effect of possessor/possessum length 62, 72
- effect of register46
- effect of register 62, 73
- in Afrikaans 31–32
- in WSAfE and Afrikaans over time 40–42
- in WSAfE and BrE 37–39
- in WSAfE vs. Afrikaans 46, 60
- genitive, pre- and postnominal
- frequency with non-animate possessors 40–42
- over time and per register 42–43
- German vs. English
- core passives246
- grammatical borrowing see borrowing, grammatical
- grammatical simplification256
H
- Hong Kong English
- automatic measures of lexical complexity 131–133
- bilingual language activation146
- manual analysis of lexical choices 134–145
- vs. Mainland Chinese English
19–20, 123–125
- task expertise20
I
- infinitives
- frequency in expert writing 240–241
- International Corpus of English Great Britain (ICE-GB)37
- International Corpus of English South Africa (ICE-SA) 35, 37
- interpreters
- role in text production constraint12
- interpreting
- as the first example of language contact in South Africa63
- Italian Dimension 1 211–215
- Italian, constrained
- key features204
J
- joint attention 92–93
K
- Kachru’s model of world Englishes16
L
- L1 French translation
- core vocabulary coverage169
- lexical density169
- lexico-syntactic simplicity 168–171
- mean sentence length169
- L1 into FL
- translation constraints 161–162
- L2 English2
- conservative choices in14
- L2 writing
- choice of passives272
- cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in226
- effect of bilingual text production250
- lexicogrammatical features of 229–232
- vs. translation 223–251
- language activation
- as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English127
- consequences of6
- effect on text production249
- effect on usage events11
- in FL>L1 and L1>FL translations 161–162
- overview of6
- language boundaries2
- language change
- as a result of translation 59–80
- language contact
- Afrikaans vs. White South African English (WSAfE)18, 46–47, 53
- as a constraint5
- as a negative influence4
- definition of5
- effect of duration of 13–14
- effects of2
- language production
- under the influence of bilingual activation281
- language proficiency
265–266
- as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English128
- cognitive and emotive forces in 12–13
- definition of7
- effect on lexical simplification in translation266
- effect on lexical variation146
- effect on variation 12–13
- French–Spanish translations158
- in FL>L1 and L1>FL translations 161–162
- interaction with task expertise 270–271
- interaction with text production264
- overview of7
- language usage 9–10
- language variety
- characterisation 15–16
- Learner English
- communicative constraints 127–130
- vs. New English 122–123
- learner language
- definition of90
- lexical borrowing see borrowing, lexical
- lexical choices, manual analysis of
- in Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English 134–145
- lexical complexity, automatic measures of
- in Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English 131–133
- lexical density
- computation of165
- effect of translation experience170
- in L1 French and FL English translations169
- lexical phrase order
- by weight 67–68
- lexical simplification257
- as a result of L2 proficiency266
- lexical variation
- effect of language proficiency146
- effect of modality and register 147–148
- effect of task expertise148
- effect of translation directionality and experience 176–177
- lexical variation, restricted
- as a result of language activation6
- lexicogrammatical features
- of L2 writing and translated texts 229–232
- lexico-syntactic simplicity
- in L1 French and FL English translations 168–171
- lexico-syntactic simplification
- hypothesis measures159
- in target texts 171–176
- lexis comparison
- in spoken English 19–20
- linear discriminant analysis (LDA)227
- linguistic choices
- effect of social factors on13
- logistic regression modelling to predict 70, 74–78
- linguistic conservatism 272–273
- linguistic features
- of second-language and translated English 1–2
- logistic regression modelling
- to predict linguistic choices 70, 74–78
M
- Mainland Chinese English
- automatic measures of lexical complexity 131–133
- bilingual language activation146
- manual analysis of lexical choices 134–145
- vs. Hong Kong English 19–20, 123–125
- Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English
- task expertise20
- matrix subject complexity96
- matrix verb
- complexity95
- effect on that/Ø-alternation 97–98
- complexity95
- mean sentence length
- definition of164
- L1 French vs. FL English169
- modality and register
- as communicative constraints in New English and Learner English128
- effect on lexical variation 147–148
- effect on usage events 11–12
- overview of6
- monofactorial vs. multifactorial analyses167
- monolingual vs. bilingual
- text production 244, 248
- multilingual corpus 64–65
- multilingualism
- in South Africa18
- integrated approach to14
N
- native and non-native English
- similarities 195–196
- negative transfer
- in translation 226–227
- New English
- communicative constraints 127–130
- vs. Learner English 122–123
- New Zealand English
- s-genitive use in33
- newswriting
- as a dynamic register41
- corpora 162–163
- English vs. French165
- inanimate possessors in Afrikaans43
- nominal vs. verbal orientation
- English 205–208
- Finnish 208–211
- Italian 211–215
- normalisation
- in translation270
- noun frequency
- in academic texts244
O
- of-/van-genitive
- in translated text72
- of-genitive
- distribution with non-animate possessors39
- original vs. translated text, Afrikaans
- statistical analysis of86
- original vs. translated text, English
- statistical analysis of86
P
- paradigm gap4
- passive, choice of
- in L2 writing272
- phonological factors
- effect on genitive variation 62, 68
- POS bigram comparison workflow 202–203
- POS bigrams 197, 200–202
- possessor animacy
32–34
- as a predictor of genitive choice 70–71
- influence on genitive choice 61–62
- possessor, pre- and postnominal
- change over time 62–63
- possessor/possessum
- animacy67
- effect on genitive variation 62, 72
- animacy67
- possessors
- effect on genitive use62
- inanimate
42–45
- in Afrikaans newswriting43
- in British English, American English and WSAfE44
- factors influencing se-genitive use with 48–49
- distribution of s-genitive and of-genitive with39
- frequency with s-genitives38
- predictor variables
- of concordance lines 102–104
- principal component analysis (PCA)227
- processing time/processing pressure
- effect of modality on 11–12
- proficiency92
- effect on linguistic patterns93
- proficiency vs. task expertise7
- psycholinguistic factors
- influencing that-complementiser retention95
- psycholinguistic fluidity vs. deliberate choice16
- published professional writing
- WSAfE vs. BSAfE in19
R
- R script normalisation235
- random forest analysis
- of genitive choice 69–71
- vs. conditional inference tree111
- register
- effect on constrained language 215–216
- effect on genitive variation 46, 62, 73
- effect on syntactic variability 261–262
- effect on that/Ø-alternation 98–99, 108
- effect on variability277
- experience level 269–270
- interaction with task expertise262, 270
- strong influence of 268–269
- text types65
- variation in translations and bilingualism194
- register, dynamic
- newswriting41
- register, innovative
- fiction41
- regularisation of languages3
S
- s-/se-genitive
- with animate possessors in original text72
- scatterplot matrices 237–245
- second language acquisition (SLA) 3–4
- second-language English and translated English
- common linguistic features 1–2
- se-genitive45
- factors influencing spread to low-animacy possessors 48–49
- frequency with non-animate possessors 46, 48
- s-genitive
- distribution with non-animate possessors39
- effect of Afrikaans on 46–47
- frequency with non-animate possessors38
- in varieties of English 33–34
- tendency towards use in news47
- use in Afrikaans 33–34
- with inanimate possessors in American English51
- with inanimate possessors in British English45
- shaping of language10
- simplicity
- definition of155
- measures of 3, 163–165
- models of linear mixed-effects 187–188
- simplification
- effect of directionality on20
- grammatical256
- in bilingual language production
158–160
- differing perspectives of155
- lexical
257, 266
- hypothesis measures159
- measures of 163–165
- models of linear mixed-effects 189–190
- simplification, lexico-syntactic see lexico-syntactic simplification
- sociocognitive factors11
- influencing that-complementiser retention95
- socio-political factors
- influence on translation 64–65
- source ratio166
- South African English and Afrikaans
- factors influencing genitive use in 61–63
- specialised vs. non specialised text comparison 238–241
- statistical analysis methods
- combination analyses236
- conditional inference tree 69–72
- linear discriminant analysis (LDA)227
- logistic regression modelling 70, 74–78
- principal component analysis (PCA)227
- R script normalisation235
- random forest analysis 69–71
- random forest analysis vs. conditional inference tree111
- scatterplot matrices 237–245
- study methodology
- diachronic 64–65
- diachronic comparative study 34–46
- multidimensional analysis23
- scaling-up approach22
- single-feature studies22
- syntactic
- complexity
- effect on that/Ø-alternation 95–96
- variability
- effect of register on 261–262
- complexity
T
- target text
- lexico-syntactic simplification 171–176
- target–source ratio 166–167
- task expertise
264–265
- as a cognitive force13
- as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English129
- comparison of British English vs. Mainland Chinese English and Hong Kong English20
- effect on lexical variation148
- French–Spanish translations158
- in FL>L1 and L1>FL translations 161–162
- interaction with proficiency 265, 270–271
- interaction with register 262, 270
- task expertise constraint
- definition of7
- overview of7
- text characterisation
- feature weights in240
- text comparison
- specialised vs. non-specialised 238–241
- text production
262–264
- as a communicative constraint in New English and Learner English 128–129
- effect of language activation249
- interaction with proficiency264
- monolingual vs. bilingual 244, 248
- text production constraint
- overview of 6–7
- role of language workers in12
- text production, bilingual
- effect on L2 writing250
- that/Ø-alternation
- conditioning factors in BSAfE and WSAfE 106–111
- conditioning variables 94–99
- effect of complexity variables 108–109
- effect of register on 98–99, 108
- effect of syntactic complexity 95–96
- effect of verb 107–108
- pre-existing literature93
- variable importance plot110
- that/Ø-complementiser
- frequencies across BSAfE and WSAfE corpora 105–106
- that-complementiser
- alternation 19, 89–112
- editor effect on100
- retention in BSAfE89
- variation between languages89
- verb lemmas118
- that-complementiser retention
- psycholinguistic and sociocognitive factors95
- in English90
- translated texts
- lexicogrammatical features of 229–232
- translated vs. non-translated texts
- complexity 228–229
- translation
- as a constraint of language change 59–60
- contribution to language change 59–80
- effect on complexity of texts 228–229
- effect on language change64
- formal variation in263
- genitive alternation in 18–19
- micro-level constraints on177
- mirroring of language change80
- negative transfer in 226–227
- normalisation in270
- register variation in194
- socio-political factors affecting 64–65
- variation due to direction228
- vs. L2 writing 223–251
- translation constraints
- FL into L1 and L1 into FL 161–162
- translation directionality
- in corpus-based translation studies 157–158
- effect on lexical variation 176–177
- translation experience
- effect on lexical density170
- translation ratio 165–166
- translation studies 3–4
- translation vs. other contact-influenced varieties4
- translations
- comparison over time 71–74
- typical features of3
- translator
- genitive choice272
- genitive preference vs. author preference74
- role in text production constraint12
- type- and lemma-token ratios164
U
- universality hypothesis 193–194
- usage events
- cross-linguistic influence on11
- effect of modality and register 11–12
- language activation effect on11
- variation in 10–11
V
- variability caused by register277
- variable importance plot
- of that/Ø-alternation110
- variation
10–11
- as a result of language proficiency 12–13
- due to direction of translation228
- varioversals5
- verb
- effect on that/Ø-alternation 107–108
- verb lemmas
- allowing finite that-complementation118
W
- White South African English (WSAfE)
- Americanisation of 51–52
- corpus 35, 100
- effect of Afrikaans on 29–53
- factors conditioning that/Ø-alternation 106–111
- inanimate possessors in44
- WSAfE and Afrikaans
- convergence during 20th century 49–50
- WSAfE vs. BSAfE
- in published professional writing19
