Emotion metaphors in new Englishes

Research into emotion concepts has become an established part of the cognitive-linguistic research agenda and has often revolved around the competing notions of universality (from the perspective of embodied cognition) and (cross- and within-cultural) variation (see Kövecses 2005Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ). At the same time, a relatively recent approach to socio-variational aspects of language in the form of Cognitive Sociolinguistics has created an ideal platform for the study of variation in institutionalized second-language varieties of English, often referred to as new Englishes (see Kristiansen & Dirven 2008Kristiansen, G., & Driven, R. (Eds.). (2008). Cognitive sociolinguistics: Language variation, cultural models, social systems. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter. ; Wolf & Polzenhagen 2009Wolf, H. -G., & Polzenhagen, F. (2009). World Englishes: A cognitive sociolinguistic approach. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter. ). This paper aims at bringing together these two research strands in a study devoted to variation on the level of metaphor in new Englishes, specifically involved in the conceptualization of emotion. While metaphor is theoretically understood within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980), this study will make use of a corpus-based method of metaphor retrieval and identification informed by Stefanowitsch’s (2004Stefanowitsch, A. (2004). HAPPINESS in English and German: A metaphorical-pattern analysis. In M. Achard & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Language, culture, and mind (pp. 137–149). Stanford: CSLI., 2006Stefanowitsch, A. (2006). Words and their metaphors: A corpus-based approach. In A. Stefanowitsch & S. Gries (Eds.), Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy (pp. 64–105). Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.) Metaphorical Pattern Analysis (MPA) and Steen et al.’s (2010)Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Herrmann, J. B., Kaal, A. A., Krennmayr, T., & Pasma, T. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. method for linguistic metaphor identification (MIPVU). anger metaphors will be examined for four second-language varieties of English, namely those spoken in Nigeria, Kenya, India, and Singapore, which are represented in the Global Web-based English corpus (GloWbE; Davies 2013Davies, M. (2013). Corpus of Global Web-Based English: 1.9 billion words from speakers in 20 countries. Available online at [URL] (Last accessed on March 3rd 2017)).With the assumption that metaphor variation emerges in a variety’s preference for certain source domains in emotion-based mappings vis-à-vis other varieties, the main questions at the core of the analysis are: (1) Which source domains are employed in a respective variety to conceptualize anger? and (2) To what extent are the source domain preferences of new Englishes similar to a norm-providing variety, namely British English? Although initial results reveal much similarity, some differences in the data are highlighted at a deeper level of analysis. Thus, a discussion of the results provides a basis for inter-variety comparison of anger metaphors and, thus, contribute to the universality / variation debate.