In:Emancipatory Pragmatics: Innovative approaches to pragmatics incorporating the concept of “ba”
Edited by Yoko Fujii, William F. Hanks, Sachiko Ide, Scott Saft and Kishiko Ueno
[Culture and Language Use 24] 2025
► pp. vii–x
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 2 December 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/clu.24.lof
https://doi.org/10.1075/clu.24.lof
List of figures
Figure 2.1Polite language use of the Japanese
Figure 2.2Polite language use of Americans
Figure 2.3The worldview of modern times
Figure 2.4The worldview of ba
Figure 2.5The egg model representing the two-domains of the self
Figure 2.6Expression of the internal perspective “the coffee is ready”
Figure 2.7“The train came out of the long tunnel into the snow country.”
Figure 2.8“After passing through a long tunnel on the border, I found myself in a snow country.”
Figure 2.9The structure of Japanese
Figure 2.1′Japanese polite language use of wakimae
Figure 2.10Izutsu’s structure of consciousness
Figure 4.1Izutsu’s “structural model of consciousness and existence” and his “three stage model”
Figure 4.2Deep and superficial level of consciousness and objects of the five senses
Figure 5.1Experimental pictures
Figure 5.2Experimental scene and the resulting picture arrangement
Figure 6.1Deictic demonstrative expressions in Japanese and Korean and their spatial
encoding
Figure 6.2Ba-based deviation from the norm in Japanese deictic demonstrative expressions in Japanese
Figure 6.3Norm-based use of deictic demonstrative expressions in Korean
Figure 6.4Pragmatic inference provided by ba and shared by the speaker and the addressee (Japanese)
Figure 6.5Lexico-grammatical information overtly provided by the speaker for the addressee (Korean)
Figure 7.1Basho domain interaction and the place of thin laughter
Figure 8.1Japanese “braid structure” conversation
Figure 8.2Image of a triadic conversation from “Bokura no Jidai”
Figure 9.1The illustration of lines 6–7
Figure 9.2The illustration of line 18
Figure 9.3The illustration of lines 27–28
Figure 9.4The illustration of lines 29–30
Figure 9.5The illustration of lines 31–34
Figure 11.1Rubin’s Vase
Figure 11.2Use of terms of self- and addressee-reference by a 40-year-old male elementary school teacher
Figure 12.1The egg model representing the two domains of the self
Figure 14.1Picture Set II
Figure 14.2Collaborative task work of each language pair
Figure 14.3Distributions of verbal behaviors for presenting ideas and opinions
Figure 14.4Linguistic forms and directness in presenting ideas and opinions
Figure 14.5Frequencies of the four types of storyline
co-construction
co-construction
Figure 14.6Verbal behavior of all English pairs
Figure 14.7Verbal behavior of all Chinese pairs
Figure 14.8Verbal behavior of all German pairs
Figure 14.9Verbal behavior of all Japanese pairs
Figure 14.10Verbal behavior of all Korean pairs
Figure 14.11Verbal behavior of all Thai pairs
Figure 14.12Distribution of eight verbal behaviors across six languages
Figure 14.13Correlation of direct vs. synchronous verbal behaviors
