In:Cultural models of GENDER and HOMOSEXUALITY in Indian and Nigerian English
Anna Finzel
[Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts 17] 2025
► pp. 225–229
Index
Published online: 12 September 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.17.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.17.index
A
- Aboriginal English15
- abortion116
- acquired 90, 152–153, 160–163, 168–170, 172, 177, 182, 184–187, 189, 191–192, 194
- Adam-and-Steve cliché2
- adverb 32, 46
- Anglo-Australian English15
- against nature 151–152, 173–175, 194
- Africa 12, 17–19, 54, 60, 74, 119, 132, 134, 140, 146, 153, 186, 191
- African English 17–18
- American English 12, 17–18, 33
- ancestors137
- anthropologySee cognitive anthropology; feminist anthropology; linguistic anthropology
- Arabic25
- Asante146
- Assamese24
- association task 18, 38, 172–173
- Australian EnglishSee Aboriginal English; Anglo-Australian English
B
- Bengali24
- bharatnatyam 102–103
- Bhojpuri24
- Bible 2, 76
- bisexuality 145, 154, 157, 194
- blood 7, 29, 72, 116
- body schemaSee schema
- Bollywood 2, 34
- Brahmin 45, 120, 165
- bride 51, 104–105, 121, 126, 135
- bride price 126, 135, 146
- Britain 29–30, 39, 57, 148–149, 153–154, 170
- British Raj45
- Buddhism143
- Burkina Faso146
- business 13, 17, 20, 98, 104–105, 113, 128
C
- Cameroon135
- Canada12
- caste 16, 43–45, 53–55, 118, 120–121, 125, 165
- Catholic 2, 125
- childbearing 104, 108, 136
- childhood 120, 165
- childlessness 84, 134 ; See also infertility
- Chinese20
- ChristianSee Christianity
- Christianity 8, 18, 24–25, 39, 45, 76, 116, 125, 137, 143, 148, 151–152, 169, 172, 184, 186
- church 125, 185
- COCASee Corpus of Contemporary American English
- cognition 3–4, 6, 37, 118 ; See also cultural cognition
- cognitive anthropology9
- cognitive contact linguistics 18, 166
- Cognitve Linguistics 1, 3–4, 6, 8, 14–16, 18–20, 32, 35, 52, 84, 125, 141, 143, 166, 193
- cognitive psychology4
- Cognitive Sociolinguistics 3–5, 7, 9–10, 14–15, 20, 146, 193
- collectivism 19, 132
- collocation 19, 43, 46–50, 156–157
- colonial conceptualisation 143, 148, 153, 178, 182–183, 185–187, 189–192
- colonialism 12–13, 82–83, 92, 109, 123–124, 135, 142–143, 146, 148–153, 165–166, 176, 178, 180, 182–183, 185–187, 189–194
- community, model of 7, 16–18, 29, 32, 46, 60, 105, 112–113, 119, 133–137, 140
- concept 3, 6, 8, 16–18, 22, 24, 29, 38, 45–46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 62, 67, 72, 76–77, 80, 85–87, 97, 118, 121, 123, 126, 130, 133–135, 143–145, 150, 153, 158, 160, 171–173, 179, 194
- conceptual category 6, 9, 11, 85, 124, 145, 166
- conceptual chain 81, 133, 148
- conceptual connection 67, 105, 120–121, 124, 127, 141, 161, 177
- conceptual contact 92, 166 ; See also contact language; language contact
- conceptual hierarchy 89, 133, 150
- conceptual link 47–48, 77, 84, 87, 112, 124, 131, 141, 144, 151, 173, 175
- conceptual logic 70–71, 75–76, 121–123, 193
- conceptual metaphorSee metaphor
- Conceptual Metaphor Theory 6–7
- conceptual metonymySee metonymy
- conceptual networkSee network
- conceptual shift 57, 143, 184
- conceptual system18
- conceptual variationSee variation
- connotation 17, 45, 60, 64, 72, 87, 124, 147, 155–156, 158–159, 163, 165–166, 171–172, 174, 177, 184
- contact language18
- contact situation 14, 92, 166
- Contagious Diseases Act149
- cooperation 74, 132–133, 189–190, 192–194
- corpus linguistics 5, 32–33, 140
- Corpus of Contemporary American English33
- Corpus of Global Web-based English 20, 42
- corruption 81–82, 92, 149
- cross-cultural 17, 191
- criminalisation 28, 82, 137, 151, 154, 157, 163 ; See also decriminalisation
- Criminal Tribes Act82
- cultural categorySee category
- cultural cognition 4–5, 10–11, 101, 105, 134, 140, 146, 166
- cultural keyword42
- Cultural Linguistics 3–5, 7–11, 15, 19–20, 128, 134, 193
- cultural metaphorSee metaphor
- cultural schemaSee schema
- cultural turn 3–4
- cultural variationSee variation
- culture
3–4, 8,
11, 13, 15, 17, 27,
42, 52, 160, 165, 171,
178
- African60
- British 16, 19, 29–30, 45, 95, 171, 191
- Hausa190
- Igbo176
- Indian 16, 29–30, 36, 69, 81, 95, 123, 142, 164, 178, 191
- Japanese8
- Meitei72
- Nigerian 29–30, 36, 142
- Polish 19
- Punjabi180
- sub-Saharan African153
- Western21
- Yoruba 136, 147
- Zulu8
D
- Dagaaba 146, 189
- Dalit 45, 120–121, 123, 165 ; See also untouchable
- decriminalisation 152, 154, 165, 184 ; See also criminalisation
- deity 45, 83, 147, 169 ; See also God; orisa
- devil 112, 136, 138, 140
- diachronic 12, 52, 143, 153, 176, 180, 193
- disease 1, 60, 82, 123, 143, 145, 147, 149, 152–153, 161, 165–166, 168, 172–176, 178, 182, 185, 187, 189, 192 ; See also illness
- domain: conceptual
6–7, 37,
50, 118
- semantic 7, 17, 87
- source 6–7, 17–19, 35, 89, 99, 115
- target 6–7, 17, 20, 35, 99
- dowry 69, 104–105, 126–127, 135
- Dowry Prohibition Act126
E
- Edo176
- Egun25
- ELANSee EUDICO Linguistic Annotator
- emotion schemaSee schema
- England 95–96, 154
- English, varieties of 12, 15, 18, 33, 119, 193 ; See also Aboriginal English; Anglo-Australian English; African English; American English; Hausa English; Igbo English; international English; Irish English; Māori English; Nigerian Pidgin English; Singapore English; West African Englishes; world Englishes; Yoruba English
- emasculation 80, 83, 92, 145
- ethnicity 12, 14, 17, 22, 24–25, 39, 55, 132, 150, 176
- EUDICO Linguistic Annotator 31–32
- eunuch 87, 145
- euphemism 2, 127
- Europe 25, 95, 119, 148, 150, 152
- event schemaSee schema
- eve teasing 2, 127 See also harassment
- expanding circle13
- Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory6 See also Conceptual Metaphor Theory
F
- family
16, 29, 44, 46–51, 54–56, 59–61, 65–70, 73–79, 83–84, 95–96, 98–99, 101–105, 107, 109, 111–115, 118–121, 126–127, 132–135, 137,
140–141, 149,
164, 173, 183,
186, 193
- extended 16, 29
- line 59, 104, 123, 135–137, 146, 164, 187, 190–192
- model of 17, 60–62, 65, 134
- female husbands 146, 187, 191
- female spaceSee space
- femicide127
- femininity 76, 166
- feminism132
- feminist anthropology52
- fertility 128, 134–137
- film corpus 36–37, 94–95, 102, 105, 115, 117, 121, 134, 178
- first languageSee L1
- foeticide127
- folk model9
- French 24–25, 150
G
- Ganesha145
- gay 22, 146, 154, 156–157, 168, 170, 184–186, 190–191
- gender roles 27, 29–30, 36, 114, 119, 134, 140, 180, 191
- gendered spaceSee space
- gender studies3
- genital 81, 83, 145, 147–148, 187
- German25
- gesture 8, 32–35, 37
- Ghana 125, 146
- GloWbESee Corpus of Global Web-based English
- globalisation12
- God 2, 61, 75–76, 83, 88–89, 92, 109, 116, 133, 138, 145, 147–148, 155–156, 162, 169, 184, 186 ; See also deity; orisa
- Great BritainSee Britain
H
- harassment 2, 102, 127
- Haryanvi24
- Hausa 24–25, 190
- Hausa English14
- hermaphrodite145
- heterogeneous distribution 9, 118
- hijras 7, 30, 32, 43, 52, 80–94, 121–124, 127, 130–131, 138
- Hindi 2, 24, 34, 39, 179
- Hinduism 24, 45, 83, 120, 126, 143–144, 153, 165, 184
- heterosexuality 27, 48, 74, 87, 153–155, 157–158, 170, 184, 187, 190
- homophobia 144, 148–149, 190
- homosociality 124–125, 144–145, 180, 183, 194
- Hong Kong12
- honour 71–72, 95–96, 102–104, 119–121, 126, 131, 183, 193
- honour killing 36, 95, 97, 126–127
I
- identity
60, 71–72, 81, 93, 133,
162
- heterosexual190
- homosexual 170, 179, 180, 190–192
- sexual190
- idiom 19 ; See also proverb
- Ifa147
- Igbo 24–25, 39, 146, 176
- Igbo English14
- illness 172–174, 176 ; See also disease
- image schemaSee schema
- immorality 72, 81–82, 92, 123, 149 ; See also morality
- impurity 149–150, 165 ; See also pollution; purity
- Indian Penal Code 151–152, 154
- individualism 19, 132
- Indo-Aryan 17, 24, 39
- Indo-European languages25
- Indonesia81
- industrialisation 61, 149
- infanticide127
- infertility 105–107, 128, 134, 136, 140 ; See also childlessness
- innate 61, 88, 90–91, 146, 150, 152, 160–163, 169–171, 173–174, 177–178, 182–187, 189–193
- inner circle 13, 17
- intercultural communication194
- international English12
- interrelation 9–11, 21, 37, 118–119, 127–128, 138, 177, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194
- intersex 80, 91, 124
- Irish English15
- Islam 18, 24–25, 45, 95, 120, 137, 143
- item-linking task 38, 172, 174–175, 177
J
- Japanese 8, 24
- Judaism 25, 45
- Jesus116
K
- Kartikeya145
- Kenya154
- keywordSee cultural keyword
- kinship 7, 17–18, 81, 92, 119, 164
- kliba 145, 179
- Krittivasa Ramayana145
- Kshatriya45
L
- L1 12–13, 20, 24, 39, 119
- L2 12–13, 18–20, 39
- language contact 12–14 ; See also conceptual contact; contact language
- language variationSee variation
- language-internal variationSee variation
- legislation 1, 5, 149, 151–152, 154, 157, 159, 175, 177, 191
- lesbian 147, 154, 156–157, 186
- lexical density42
- lexical frequency42
- lexical variationSee variation
- LGBQSee LGBTQI+
- LGBTSee LGBTQI+
- LGBTIQSee LGBTQI+
- LGBTQI+ 2, 3, 87, 144, 154, 158, 170, 185
- lineageSee family: line
- linguistic anthropology4
- linguistic repertoire 12, 24
- linguistic symbol6
- love 9, 16–17, 20, 28, 96, 105, 108, 110–112, 117–118, 144–145, 148, 173
M
- Macaulay’s Minute13
- magic190
- Mahabharata 144–145
- Manipuri24
- Malayalam24
- male spaceSee space
- Māori English15
- mappings 7, 19, 90, 110
- marriage
17, 58, 65–66, 69, 72–74, 82, 96–97, 100, 102–106, 108–109, 111–112, 115–116, 123, 126–128, 135–138, 145, 150, 173, 190,
192
- arranged 16, 96, 118, 121, 164
- female-to-female 146, 187, 191
- Hindu126
- inter-community 102–103
- love16
- model of 8, 16, 21, 118, 121, 164
- same-sex 2, 186
- Marwari24
- masculinity 51, 82, 102–104, 111, 116–117, 134, 145–146, 148, 150–151, 158, 166, 180
- matriarchy29
- Mbaise146
- medicine 7, 106–107, 143, 149, 179
- Meitei72
- memory schemaSee schema
- menstruation 71–72, 76, 131, 136, 141
- mental disorder 143, 162, 168, 176, 178–179
- metaphor: conceptual
3–4, 6–7, 9, 11, 15–20, 33, 35,
52–53, 61,
68, 73–74, 78–79, 81–82, 87, 98–99, 101, 110, 113,
118, 124, 134,
150
- cultural7
- filmic36
- multimodal 35, 99–100
- metaphoricity, degree of7
- metonymy 6–7, 9, 18, 20, 91, 96
- modal verb32
- mode 34–35, 37, 95, 106
- monogamy137
- monomodality 35, 95
- modalitySee mode
- morality 33, 82–83, 149–150, 153, 186 ; See also immorality
- Mughal 45, 82
- mukhebhaga145
- multimodality 20, 22, 32, 34–35, 37, 95, 105, 117 ; See also metaphor: multimodal
- multimodal metaphorSee metaphor
- MuslimSee Islam
N
- Naradasmriti145
- narrative schemaSee schema
- nativisation33
- Netherlands31
- network 9–11, 20–21, 41, 117–119, 127–131, 138–141, 181, 183, 188–189, 194
- Nigerian Penal Code152
- Nigerian Pidgin English 14, 25, 108
- NigPESee Nigerian Pidgin English
- Nollywood34
- non-verbal 4, 26, 30, 35–37
- nurture 47–48, 50, 59–60, 62, 65–66, 105, 107, 111–113, 132–133, 135, 141, 193
O
- orisa 45, 147 ; See also deity; God
- Oromo-Americans85
- Orunmila147
- Oyo22
- outer circle 13, 17
P
- Pakistan96
- part-of-speech tag 32–33
- patriarchy 29, 48, 120, 124, 137, 150
- perceived-strength-of-connection task 38, 172, 174–175
- Polish19
- pollution 72, 83, 92, 147–150, 164–165, 167, 182 ; See also impurity; purity
- polygamy137
- postcolonial 12, 166
- precolonial 61, 124, 132, 142–143, 145–146, 148, 166, 176, 180, 182–183, 187, 189
- prescriptivism47
- procreation 83, 105, 107–108, 115, 117, 123, 132–137, 141–142, 144–145, 147–148, 161, 164, 179–180, 182–183, 187, 190, 193
- pronoun 32, 49, 85–87, 93, 110, 121–123, 158
- proposition schemaSee schema
- proverb 19, 96 ; See also idiom
- prostitution 94, 102–103, 149–150, 190
- Protestant125
- prototype 6, 16, 118
- public health 82, 149
- Punjab180
- purity 88, 92, 131, 144, 148, 150, 165 ; See also impurity; pollution
Q
- Queensland Penal Code152
R
- racism 19, 36
- rape 1, 71–72, 114–116, 125–126, 135, 140
- religion 5, 13–14, 16–18, 24–25, 39, 45, 64, 76, 118, 131–132, 150–151, 156, 169, 175, 184
- rhetorical 6, 37
- ritual 4, 28–29, 96–97, 106, 131, 136, 147
- role schemaSee schema
S
- sacred 133–134, 136
- Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 154, 184
- sampling 22–25, 39, 172, 191
- Sango 147, 169
- sati127
- schema
8–9, 11,
33, 57, 66, 123
- body9
- cultural 8–9, 19
- emotion8
- event8
- image 8–9, 53, 55–56, 93, 121, 150
- memory9
- narrative9
- proposition 8–9, 53, 55, 62, 65, 72, 76–77, 93, 103
- role 8–9, 46, 49–50, 56–57, 60–61, 72–73, 77
- semiotic resourceSee mode
- Scotland154
- second languageSee L2
- segregation 52, 59, 72, 81–82, 119–120, 123, 125, 152, 183, 192–194
- sexuality 19, 24, 36, 88, 91, 143–144, 146, 149–153, 163, 165–167, 180, 190
- sexual orientation 164, 166, 170
- Shudra45
- sin 116, 134, 143, 149, 151, 153, 161, 166, 172, 178, 182, 185–186, 189, 192
- Singapore English33
- slave 12, 14, 70–71, 76–77, 109–110, 131, 140, 146
- social identity theory85
- social spaceSee space
- sociolinguistic interview 20–22, 41
- sodomy 148–149, 151–152
- soul 88, 92, 131
- South Africa 18–19
- South Asia 7, 30, 52, 80
- space: female
50–55, 93,
97–101, 103–104, 119–121, 124–126, 130–131, 134,
138, 140–141
- gendered 52, 56, 59, 102, 104, 119–120, 124–126, 130, 134, 138, 140, 142, 192–193
- male 50, 52–53, 55, 93, 101, 103, 119–120, 124, 130, 138
- social 52, 54–56, 59, 103, 120, 125, 127, 130, 134, 138
- Spanish25
- speech community 4, 18–19
- spirits 105, 116, 136, 138
- spiritual 7, 18, 64, 88–89, 91–92, 103, 116, 122, 124, 137–138, 146, 169
- standard 12–14, 47
- stereotype 2, 173
- stigma 114, 173–174
T
- taboo 2, 24, 26–27, 36, 71, 125
- Tanzania12
- terminology 3, 5, 21, 52, 83, 128
- third gender 30, 80–81, 94, 124, 130, 138
- Three Circles model 13 ; See also expanding circle; inner circle; outer circle
- Tibeto-Burmese 17, 24
- Tiv136
- transgender 7, 80, 84, 87, 91, 124, 158
- transsexual80
- transvestite145
- type-token ratio42
U
- UKSee United Kingdom
- United Kingdom 13, 22, 39, 95–96, 154, 170
- United States 13, 98, 114–115
- universality 3–4
- untouchable 120, 161, 164–167, 178 ; See also Dalit
- Urhobo176
- usage-based3
V
- Vaishya45
- variation: conceptual
15, 19
- cultural 3, 6, 17
- language 5, 14–15, 20, 42, 174, 193
- language-internal 15, 20, 193
- lexical42
- Vedic period 121, 143
- violence 2–3, 96, 116, 154
- virginity138
- voodoo 106, 108
W
- Wales154
- wedding 83, 105, 115–116, 118, 123, 126, 136, 138, 144
- Welsh25
- West Africa 12, 18, 29, 33, 56, 112, 133, 135–136, 143, 146, 148–149, 153, 187
- West African Englishes 14, 18, 46
- widow burningSee sati
- witch 6, 19, 38, 69, 105–108, 134, 136, 140, 185
- witchcraft 19, 105, 108, 113, 136, 140, 190
- world Englishes 12, 15, 18–20, 143
- World Englishes 3, 11–12, 14–15, 19–20, 35, 193
Y
- yan daudu 190–191
- Yoruba 19, 22, 24–25, 39, 45, 134, 136, 147, 169, 176, 187, 190–191
- Yoruba English14
Z
- zan-zar-zameen 95–97, 104, 126
- Zulu8
