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In:Introduction to Cognitive Pragmatics
Klaus-Uwe Panther
[Cognitive Linguistics in Practice 4] 2022
► pp. vii–xii

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Published online: 16 March 2022
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/clip.4.toc

Table of contents

Tables and figures xvii
Abbreviations and symbols xiii
Corpora and online dictionaries xv
About the author xxi
Foreword xxiii
Chapter 1.Cognitive linguistics and pragmatics 1
1.Introduction 1
2.Pragmatics 1
2.1Some basic features of contemporary pragmatics 1
2.2The semantics-pragmatics dichotomy: Advantages and drawbacks 4
2.2.1Meaning and truth conditions 4
2.2.2Truth conditions and (lack of) coherence 8
2.2.3Non-declarative sentence types 9
2.2.4The role of pragmatic inferences in the assignment of truth values 10
2.2.5Deixis 12
2.2.6Conventional non-truth conditional meanings 12
2.2.7Preliminary conclusion 14
3.A cognitive linguistic view of pragmatics 15
3.1Introduction 15
3.2Towards a blend of cognitive linguistics and pragmatics 18
Chapter 2.Cognitive-pragmatic motivation of language structure and use 21
1.Introduction 21
2.Some remarks on the history of motivation 25
3.Towards a cognitive linguistic view of motivation 25
3.1Preliminaries: Types of signs 25
3.2Defining motivation 27
3.3Motivated, unmotivated, conventional, and non-conventional signs 29
3.4Unmyotivated conventional signs 30
3.5Motivated conventional signs 30
3.6Non-conventionally used motivated signs 32
4.Semiotic types of motivation 33
4.1content > form 34
4.2content > content 35
4.3form > content 36
4.4form1 > form2 37
5.Language-independent factors of motivation 37
5.1Sensory-perceptual 38
5.2Cultural 39
5.3Emotive 40
6.Demotivation 41
7.Conclusion 42
Chapter 3.The role of inferencing in the construction of meaning: Entailment and presupposition 43
1.Introduction 43
2.Basic modes of inferencing: Deduction, induction, and abduction 43
2.1Deduction 43
2.2Induction 46
2.3Abduction 47
3.Entailment 48
4.Presupposition 51
4.1Existential and uniqueness presupposition 52
4.2Factive presuppositions 54
4.3Evaluative presuppositions 55
4.4Suspending or canceling a presupposition 57
4.5Negation and presupposition 58
4.6Discourse-pragmatic presupposition 59
4.7The information status of presupposition 60
5.Conclusion 61
Chapter 4.Principles guiding communication: The role of implicature 63
1.Introduction 63
2.Two models of communication 64
3.Gricean principles guiding communication 68
3.1The Cooperative Principle and the Maxims of Conversation 68
3.2The Maxims of Quantity 70
3.3The Maxims of Quality 73
3.4The Maxim of Relation (Relevance) 74
3.5The Maxims of Manner 75
4.Reducing the number of maxims: Neo-Gricean approaches and Relevance Theory 77
4.1A sketch of Levinson’s and Horn’s models 77
4.2The Principle of Relevance 79
5.In lieu of a conclusion: The influence of cultural practices on maxims of conversation 81
Chapter 5.Implicature, entailment, and presupposition: Differences and commonalities 83
1.Introduction 83
2.Conventional implicature 83
3.Conversational implicature 84
3.1Suspendability and cancelability 85
3.2Non-detachability 88
3.3Calculability 89
3.4Non-codability of conversational implicatures 90
3.5Reinforceability 90
3.5.1Reinforceability of implicature 91
3.5.2Reinforceability of entailment 93
3.5.3Reinforceability of presuppositions 100
3.5.4Conclusion: Reinforced implicature, entailment, and presupposition 103
3.6Universality vs. culture-specificity of conversational implicatures 104
3.6.1Scalar conversational implicatures: A possible universal 104
3.6.2Language- and culture-specific implicatures 105
4.Conclusion 107
Chapter 6.Talking as action: Speech act theory 109
1.Introduction 109
2.Folk and expert models of action 110
2.1Talk as deficient action 110
2.2An expert model of linguistic action: Speech act theory 111
3.Some examples of infelicitous illocutionary acts (Austin) 113
4.Searle’s speech act theory 115
4.1Introduction 115
4.2Felicity conditions and illocutionary types according to Searle 116
4.3Illocutionary types 118
4.4Distinguishing between illocutionary force and illocutionary verbs 121
5.Coding illocutionary force and propositional content 124
5.1Introduction 124
5.2Illocutionary force and propositional content coding: Mood and constituent order 125
5.3Illocutionary force coding 125
5.3.1Performative verbs 125
5.3.2Performatively used nominal expressions 126
5.4Propositional content coding 127
6.Illocutionary scenarios and their components 128
6.1Introduction 128
6.2Assertives 129
6.3Commissives 130
6.4Directives 131
6.5Expressives 133
6.6Declarations 136
7.Conclusion 138
Chapter 7.Metaphor: A figure of iconic and analogical reasoning 139
1.Introduction 139
2.Some contemporary approaches to metaphor 140
3.Metaphor in cognitive linguistics 144
3.1Precursors of conceptual metaphor theory 144
3.2Lakoff and Johnson’s metaphor theory 145
4.The Role of inferencing in Lakoff and Johnson’s conception of metaphor 151
4.1Metaphorical entailments 151
4.2The Invariance Principle 153
4.3Inferential structure of source and target domain 155
5.Metaphor and thought 160
6.Conclusion 162
Chapter 8.Metonymy: A figure of indexical and associative reasoning 163
1.Introduction 163
2.Metonymy in literary and ordinary language 164
2.1Examples of metonymy in literary language 164
2.2Examples of metonymy in ordinary language 165
3.Properties of metonymy 167
3.1Situation and context 168
3.2Metonymy as an indexical and associative relation 170
3.3Metonymy as reasoning within a conceptual frame 171
3.4Conceptual distance between source and target 172
3.5Contingent relation between source and target 173
3.6Pragmatic effects 175
3.7Experiential and sociocultural motivation of metonymy 176
3.8Transparency of metonymy motivation 178
4.Metonymy as abductive reasoning 180
5.Constraining the scope of metonymy 184
6.Types of metonymy 187
6.1Referential metonymies 187
6.2Predicational metonymies 188
6.3Modificational metonymies 189
6.4Grounding metonymies 190
6.5Illocutionary metonymies 192
7.Conclusion 193
Chapter 9.Metonymic inferencing in indirect speech acts I: Assertives and commissives 195
1.Introduction 195
2.The role of metonymic inferencing in indirect speech acts 196
2.1Assertives 197
2.1.1Inferences from before to core 198
2.1.2Inferences from hedged core to core 202
2.1.3Inferences from result to core 202
2.1.4Inferences from after to core 203
2.2Commissives 204
2.2.1Inferences from before to core 206
2.2.2Inferences from hedged core to core 207
2.2.3Inferences from result to core 208
2.2.4Inferences from after to core 211
3.Conclusion 213
Chapter 10.Metonymic inferencing in indirect speech acts II: Directives, expressives, declarations 215
1.Introduction 215
2.Directives, expressives, and declarations 215
2.1Directives 215
2.1.1Inferences from before to core 215
2.1.2Inferences from hedged core to core 219
2.1.3Inferences from result to core 220
2.1.4Inferences from after to core 221
2.2Expressives 222
2.2.1Inferences from before to core 222
2.2.2Inferences from hedged core to core 224
2.2.3Inferences from result to core 225
2.3Declarations 225
2.3.1Declarations of war 226
2.3.2Verdicts and sentences 227
2.3.3Religious ceremonies 229
2.3.4Resigning from a post 230
3.Conclusion 233
Chapter 11.Cognitive pragmatics and grammar 235
1.Introduction 235
2.Preposed negative adverbials and auxiliary inversion 237
3.Felicitous constraint violations: The Coordinate Structure Constraint 239
3.1Introduction 239
3.2The pattern go […] and VP 241
3.3The pattern sit down and VP 244
3.4The pattern stand up and VP 248
3.5The pattern take a step back and VP 251
4.Syntactic and conceptual mismatches: More on the pragmatics of and 254
4.1Introduction 254
4.2From coordination to evaluation: The nice and Adj construction 254
5.Conclusion 260
Chapter 12.Epilogue 261
1.To recap 261
2.Themes and prospects 262
3.Final thoughts 266
References 267
Subjects index 279
Name Index 281
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