近義詞的詞彙語義互補性

本文探討機率副詞「也許、可能」、時間副詞「曾經、已經」、強調副詞「真是、實在是」，以及語氣副詞「難道、究竟」，以上四組近義詞的語法語義特點，以及搭配的句式和助詞。筆者認為近義詞的難點在於辨析各組語義徵性，甚至母語者也不理解細微的語義差異，而這四組副詞恰巧對應到副詞的四個語義面向，因此別具代表性。本篇研究發現副詞近義詞間的「互補性」非常重要：一、機率副詞「也許」的主觀性、直觀性比「可能」較強，情態副詞「可能」需要推測的依據與條件，「也許」則無心理預測、真值性較低；二、時間副詞「已經」表動貌時，皆以現在時的觀點，時間參照點可移動，句子的命題為已然狀態。而「曾經」的時間參照點永遠是現在，可當定語和句首修飾語，表示過去和現在的對比或對現在的否定。三、強調副詞「真是」以及「實在是」，兩者均可用來描述程度，經常搭配「是」的焦點標記，也常置句末來表達非成分的評價義。四、「難道」、「究竟」當語氣副詞時，與疑問句和語氣助詞的搭配，呈現「互補分布」。「難道」可用於是非問句，表反詰或測度，一般與「嗎」搭配；「究竟」跟「是」的共現頻率很高，與「呢」搭配。總結來說，副詞的語法功能在修飾謂語，以上四組近義詞恰巧對應謂語可被修飾之四種面向，卻都強調句法語義互補，幫助我們全面性窺探副詞的特色。

This study focuses on the syntactic and semantic behaviors of adverb-synonyms, with special references to the four pair: possibility adverbs ‘yexu (maybe) and keneng (possibily)’, time adverbs ‘cengjing (once) and yijing (already)’, focus adverbs ‘zhenshi (really), and shizaishi (really)’, and force adverbs ‘nandao and jiujing (exactly)’. Although the difficulty is to analyze the subtle differences in semantics of each group, so as to choose useful strategies to distinguish them, it is figured in this paper that complementary is essential for the pairs to distinguish each other. First, the subjectivity and intuition of ‘yexu’ are stronger than ‘keneng’, and the modal adverb ‘keneng’ need to be based on speculation and conditions. Second, ‘yijing’ indicates the aspect of an event, and is based on the current point of view. Its reference time can be moved, and the proposition of the sentence is realis. As for ‘cengjing’, its reference time is always the present time, and it can be used as an attributive modifier or a sentence modifier. Its functions are to indicate the contrast between the past and the present, or the negation of the present. Third, ‘zhenshi’ and ‘shizaishi’ both are used to describe degree, often appear with the focus mark ‘shi’, and appear at the end of the sentence to express the meaning of evaluation. Forth, ‘nandao’ and ‘jiujing’ are modal adverbs. They collocate with interrogative sentences and modal particles, and show a complementary distribution. ‘nandao’ can be used for non-question, questioning or conjecture. It is generally compatible with particle “ma”; while ‘jiujing’ is compatible with particle “ne”. In conclusion, the Lexical-Semantic differences between the four pair of adverbs demonstrate the four concrete aspects of the category of adverbs. It is not only representative, but also intriguing to figure out the subtle distinctions.