Cover not available

Article published In: Chinese Language and Discourse
Vol. 16:1 (2025) ► pp.111–137

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB
authorization required

词汇多义性和句法连续性

以汉语“有”为例

ORCiD logo with link | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Article language: Chinese

Published online: 22 March 2024
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.00047.li
摘要
本研究通过梳理汉语中具有较高使用频率的“有”在共时和历时层面、口语和书面语中的使用情况，发现“有”可以跟多种语类范畴共现，构成新的句法成分，占据不同的句法层级，获得不同的语义或语用解读。在共时上，语料涉及普通话和六种典型方言中“有”的语义或语用解读和功能表现，在历时上比较了现代汉语和古代汉语中“有”的词汇多义性。本研究以“有”的词汇多义性为出发点，采用生成语法视角描绘了不同语义或语用解读的“有”的句法层级高低，展示了“有”的句法连续性，同时为汉语词汇语法化过程提供了语义和句法视角下的证据。
Abstract
Lexical polysemy and syntactic continuity: The case of you in Chinese
This study examines the usages of the Chinese word you (有 ‘have/exist’) at both synchronic and diachronic levels, in both spoken and written languages. It was found that you can co-occur with various categories to form new syntactic component at different syntactic layers, with different semantic or pragmatic interpretations. The synchronic analysis involved collecting a corpus of semantic and pragmatic interpretations and functional expressions of you in Mandarin and six Chinese dialects. The diachronic analysis compared the lexical polysemy of you in modern and ancient Chinese and depicted the syntactic hierarchy of you with different semantic and pragmatic interpretations from a generative theoretical perspective, demonstrating its syntactic continuity. This study, based on the observed polysemy of you, aims to illustrate the lexical polysemy and syntactic continuity of you and provide evidence for the process of Chinese lexical grammaticalization from semantic and syntactic perspectives.
Article outline
  • 1.引言
  • 2.“有”的词汇多义性特征
    • 2.1“有”的词汇性用法
      • 2.1.1领属
      • 2.1.2存在
      • 2.1.3小结
    • 2.2“有”的功能性用法
      • 2.2.1程度
      • 2.2.2时：进行、过去、将来
      • 2.2.3体：完成
      • 2.2.4肯定
      • 2.2.5强调
      • 2.2.6其他功能性用法
    • 2.3小结
  • 3.“有”的句法连续性
    • 3.1词汇性“有”的句法描述
    • 3.2功能性“有”的句法描述
    • 3.3小结
  • 4.结语
  • 致谢
  • 笔记
  • 参考文献
References (90)
参考文献
Bai, Wanru. 1998. “Guangzhou Fangyan Cidian [Guangzhou Dialect Dictionary]”. Jiangsu Education Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan L. & Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cao, Fengfu, Zheng, Ying. 1997. “Tanminhanyu you de wuzhong yongfa jiqijian de guanxi [On you’s five usages and their relations in Minnan dialect].” Zhongguo Yuwen Yanjiu [Studies on Chinese] (2): 155–167.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carnie, Andrew. 2013. Syntax: A Generative Introduction (Third Edition). Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chawla, Chanyaporn. 2015. “A Historical Perspective of 有 you in the Chinese Language.” MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular 18.21:1–27. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chen, Haiyan. 2004. “Guanyu youVP zhong you de fucixing tantao: jiantan youmeiyou VP Zhong you de fucixing [A study of the adverbiality of you in the structure of you VP].” Hainan Shifandaxue Xuebao [Journal of Hainan Normal University] (Social Science) (6): 90–92.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chen, Ying. & Z. Jing-Schmidt. 2014. “The Mandarin LVS construction: Verb lexical semantics and grammatical aspect.” Cognitive Linguistics, (1): 1–27. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cheng, Lisa L.-S. 1991. On the Typology of Wh-questions, PhD Dissertation, MIT.
Cheng, Adæmrys Chihjen. 2021. The property concepts and the possessive verb Ū ‘Have’ in Taiwan Southern Min.” Asian Languages and Linguistics 2.21: 217–248. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cheung, Candice ChiHan (Zhang, Zhiheng). 2013. On the distribution of topics and foci in Mandarin： A cartographic solution. Modern Foreign Languages (Quarterly) (1):10–17.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Gravenhage: Mouton & Company. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Current Studies in Linguistics 28. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fan, Xiao. 2010. “Cunzaiju de xingzhi, fanwei, fenlei jiqi xiangguanwenti [Properties, scope and classification of existential sentences and its related problem].” In Xiandai Hanyu Cunzaiju Yanjiu [Studies on Existential Sentences in Modern Chinese]. Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe [China Social Sciences Press].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fang, Lei. 2012. The function of focus marker you in Chinese. M.A. thesis, Bohai University.
Fu, Yuanbi. 1999. “Guanyu you goucheng de jizhong teshu juxing [On the special sentence type with you].” Mianyang shifan gaodeng zhuankexuexiao xuebao [Journal of Mianyang Normal gaodeng zhuankexuexiao] (3): 47–49.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gao, Shougang, Deng Ming. 1989. “Cilei huoyong bianhuo [On Parts of speech conjugation].” Tianjin Shifan Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Tianjin Normal University] (3): 72-76+27.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 1993. Auxiliaries: cognitive forces and grammaticalization. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1997. Possession: cognitive sources, forces and grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hu, Jianhua. 2008. “Xiandai hanyu bujiwu dongci de lunyuan he binyu [Mandarin object-taking intransitive constructions at the syntax-information structure interface].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of Chinese Language] (5): 396–409.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Huang, C.-T. James. 1988. “On be and have in Chinese.” Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica 591:43–64.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Huang, C.-T. James, Li, Y.-H. Audrey & Li, Yafei. 2009. The Syntax of Chinese. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kang, Xing. 2022. “Guangyi cunxianju de zhitufenxi [Cartographic study on generalized existential sentence].” Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences] (1):13–26.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Fuqiang. 2021. On the syntactic representation of Chinese you (有) in “you + VP” construction. In Current Issues in Syntactic Cartography: A crosslinguistic perspective, (eds) by Fuzhen Si and Luigi Rizzi. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 287–322. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Fuqiang, Si, Fuzhen. 2022. “you+shuliangjiegou Zhong you de jufazhitu yanjiu [A cartographic approach on ‘you’ in ‘you + NumP’.” Beijing Dierwaiguoyuxueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Beijing International Studies University] (1): 81–97.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Jingxi. 1992 (1924/1957). New Chinese Grammar. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Li, Rong. 1998. Fuzhou Fangyan Zidian [Fuzhou Dialect Dictionary]. Jiangsu Education Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Liu, Jian, et al. 1992. Jindai Hanyu Xuci Yanjiu [Studies on Modern Chinese Functional Words]. Language and Culture Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Liu, Li. 1997. “Gudaihanyu you+VP jiegou zhong you de biaotigongneng [The perfective function of you in you +VP in ancient Chinese].” Xuzhou Shifan Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Xuzhou Normal University] (Philosophy and Social Science) (1):66–68.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Liu, Yuehua, et al.. 1983/2001. A Practical Reference of Modern Chinese Grammar. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Luo, Chuilian. 1994. “Ouyu de you ziju [You in Ou language].” Wenzhou Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Wenzhou Normal College] (Ph. & So. Scs.) (2):63–66.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lv, Shuxiang. 1999. “Xiandai Hanyu Babaici [Eight Hundred Word in Modern Chinese].” Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2005 (1979). “Hanyu yufa fenxiwenti [Issues on Chinese Grammar Analysis].” Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lv, Shuxiang, Zhu, Dexi. 1979. Yufa Xiuchi Jianghua [Lectures on Grammatical Rhetorical]. Beijing: China Youth Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Miao, Yongchuan. 1997. “Jin 20nian Guhanyu Cileihuoyong Wenti Yanjiu Zouyi [A brief discussion on the research on the conjugation of parts of speech in ancient Chinese in the past 20 years].” Sichuan Shifan Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Sichuan Normal University] (4): 70–75.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Palmer, F. R. 1990. Modality and the English Modals. Longman, London.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pan, Haihua, Yang, Suying. 2001. “A constructional analysis of the existential structure.” In Studies in Chinese Linguistics II1, ed. by Pan, Haihua 189–208, Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pan, Wen. 2006. Xiandaihanyu cunxianju de duoweiyanjiu [A multi-dimensional study of Chinese existential sentences]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of Symbolic Logic. New York NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Haegeman, L. (ed.), Elements of Grammar. Amsterdam: Kluwer, pp. 281–337. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Saussure, L. de. 2011. Temporal reference in discourse. In Cambridge Handbook of Pragmatics. ed. by Allan, K. & Jaszczolt, K. 423–446, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shi, Youwei. 1984. “Guanyu dong +you [On Verb+you].” Yuyanxue Luncong [Essays on Linguistics] (13): 25–39.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shen, Jiaxuan. 2018. Asymmetry and Markedness Theory. The Commercial Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shi, Yuzhi, Li, Na. 2001. Hanyu yufahua de lichen:xingtai jufa fazhan dongyin he jizhi [The process of grammaticalization of Chinese – the motivation and mechanism of the development of morphosyntax]. Beijing: Beijing University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Shuai, Zhisong. 2017. “Cong cihui-goushi fanshi kan hanyu cunxianju de fenlei he fanwei [The classification and category of Chinese existential sentences: a lexical-construction account].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Studies] (3): 81–91.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Si, Fuzhen. 2009. Duochong tezheng hecha jiqi jufa yingxiang [Multiple Feature Checking and Its Syntactic Consequences]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. “Juda Zhitu Yanjiu de Xinshiye [New horizons in syntactic cartographic studies].” Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies [Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu] (3): 25–37.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smith, C. S. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Song, Yuzhu. 1982. “Dongtai Cunzaiju [Dynamic existential sentence].” Hanyu Xuexi [Chinese Studies] (6): 9–15.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Song, Jinlan. 1994. Youziju Xintan – You de Tizhuci Yongfa [A new view on “有”: aspectual usage]. Qinghai Shizhuan Xuebao [Journal of Qinghai Shizhuan] (2): 33–37.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Song, Yuzhu. 2007. Xiandai Hanyu Cunzaiju [Existential sentence in modern Chinese]. Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe [Beijing: Chinese Press].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stowell, T. 2008. Where the past is in the perfect. In Ángeles Carrasco Gutierrez (ed.), Tiempos Compuestosy Formas Verbales Complejas (Lingüistica Iberoamericana Vol. 34), Madrid, Vervuet, pp. 103–118. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sun, Honglin. 1996. “You V+you goucheng de cunzaiju [Existence sentence composed by V+you].” Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue [Chinese Teaching in the World] (2): 21–29.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sun, Jing. 2005. A study on “you (有)+VP” structure in Mandarin Chinese. M.A thesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Tian, Zhen. 2009. “Hanyu jingtai cunzaiju Zhong dongci yuyi pianli xianxiang yanjiu shuping [A review of research on the deviation of verb semantics in Chinese static existential sentences].” Waiyu Yanjiu [Foreign Language Studies] (6): 7–11.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. Hanying cunzai goushi yu dongci yuyi hudong de shizhengyanjiu [An empirical study on the interaction between existential constructions and verb semantics in Chinese and English]. Shanghai waiyu jiaoyu chubanshe [Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tsai, W.-T. Dylan. 2004. “Tan youren youderen he youxieren [On youren, you de ren, and you xie ren].” Hanyu Xuebao [Chinese Linguistics] (2):16–25.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2010. “Tan hanyumotaici de fenbu yu quanshi zhi duiyingguanxi [On the syntax-semantics correspondences of Chinese modals].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of Chinese Language] (3): 208–221+287.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2015. From Microscopic View to Cosmic Perspective – Generative Landscape of Chinese Syntax. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. “Cartographic approach and the syntax of Chinese [Zhitu lilun he hanyu yufa].” Linguistic Research [Yuyanxue Yanjiu] (1): 28–44.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wang, Dongmei. 2014. “Cong shi he de, you he le kan kending he xushu [On assertion and description from shi, de, you and le].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of Chinese Language] (1): 22–34.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wang, Shuying. 2007. “Minnanfangyan zhong you-wu ju [You-wu sentence in Minnan dialects].” Minjiangxueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Minjiang Xueyuan] (4): 34–38.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wang, William S-Y. 1965. “Two aspect markers in Mandarin.” Language 411: 457–470. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wang, Yong, Xu, Jie. 2010. “Hanyu cunzaiju de goushi yufa yanjiu [A constructional analysis of Chinese existential sentences].” Yuyan Yanjiu [Language Studies] (3): 62–70.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wen, Suolin. 2012. “You+shuliangjiegou Zhong you de ziranjiaodian tuxian gongneng [You (有) as an informational focus marker in the construction of ‘you + quantative phrase’].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] (1): 29–37.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wu, Gengtang. 2010. Syntax of floating quantifier and related structures. PhD diss. Capital Normal University.
Wu, Xieyao. 2006. Xiandai Hanyu Cunxianju [Existential Sentences in Modern Chinese]. Shanghai: Xuejin Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Xiang, Mengbing. 1997. Liancheng Kejiahua Yufa Yanjiu [Studies on Liancheng Hakkahua Grammar]. Yuwenchubanshe [Chinese Press].Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Xing, Fuyi. 2017. “Shuo S/V DE YOU/ NP jushi [Grammatical Features of “V <de (得) > you (有) NP” Structure in Chinese].” Yuyan Zhanlue Yanjiu [Language Strategies] (1): 25–34.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Xiong, Zhongru. 2016. “Hanyu liangdu youziju de jufa fenxi [A syntactic analysis of degree construction with you in Chinese].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies] (4):46–55.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2017. “A cartographic analysis on lian construction [Lianziju de Zhitu Fenxi].” Modern Foreign Languages [Xiandai Waiyu] (4): 439–450+583.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Xu, Baohua, Gongtian, Yilang. 1999. Hanyu Fangyan Dacidian [Chinese Dialect Dictionary]. Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Xue, Hongwu, Yan, Mengyue. 2011. The grammaticization of ‘youqing’ and the formation mechanism of ‘you’ as a subjective expression prefix. Chinese Linguistics (2): 14–27+95.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yan, Yiming. 2000. Zhenan Ouyu [Zhenan Ou Language]. Huadong Normal University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhan, Kaidi. 1981. “You ziju [You sentence].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of Chinese Language] (1): 27–34.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Aimin. 1992. “you zi de yiyi yu you zi jushi [The meaning of you and you sentence].” In Studies on Chinese (1), ed. by Liao, X. D. Beijing: Language and Culture Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Bin. 2005. Xiandaihanyu Yufa Shijiang [Ten Talks on Modern Chinese Grammar]. Fudan University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Dengqi. 1997. “you: ciyi, feiciyi yu shiyi ji lizheng [You: word-meaning, non-word meaning, definition, and examples].” Cishu Yanjiu [Lexicographical Studies] (6): 139–142.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Geng. 2021. “Cong dongtai cunzaiju kan jiwudongci shishi de yinxian [On the occurrence of agents of transitive verbs in dynamic existential sentences].” Hanyu Xuexi [Chinese Language Learning] (4): 102–112.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Yisheng, Dun, Ting. 2010. “Fuci youwang de gongneng, tezheng yu fazhan [Function, property, and development of adverb youwang].” Hanyu Xuebao [Chinese Linguistics] (1):12–22.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, Zhenxing. 1983. Taiwan Minnan Fangyan Jilue. Taibei: Wenshizhe Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zheng, Minhui. 2003. Fuzhoufangyan you+VP jushi yanjiu [Studies on you +VP in Fuzhou Dialect]. M.A. Fuzhou Normal University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zheng, Yide. 1985. “Fuzhoufangyan de you ziju [You-sentence in Fuzhou dialect].” Fangyan [Dialects] (4): 309–313.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zheng, Minhui. 2003. Fuzhou Fangyan you+VP Jushi Yanjiu [On you+VP in Fuzhou dialect]. Master thesis, Fujian Normal University.
Zhou, Changji. 1998. Xiamen Fangyan Zidian [Xiamen Dialect Dictionary]. Jiangsu Education Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhou, Guoguang. 2011. “On the understanding mechanism of the ‘variation of part of speech’ [‘Cilei Huoyong’ Xianxiang de Lijie Jizhi].” Journal of Wuling [Wulin Xuekan] (4): 131–135.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zou, Lizhi, Bai, Cong. 2009. “The different nature of the word conversion in ancient Chinese and modern Chinese [Lun Gujin Hanyu Cileihuoyong de Butong Benzhi].” Studies in Language and Linguistics [Yuyan Yanjiu] (2):37–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue