Article published In: The Joint Production of Conversational Turns
Edited by K.K. Luke and Mei Fang
[Chinese Language and Discourse 12:1] 2021
► pp. 84–108
Collaborative construction of turn constructional units in responsive positions of question-answer sequences in Mandarin conversation
Published online: 16 July 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.00038.son
https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.00038.son
Abstract
This paper explores the features and interactional functions of collaboratively constructed TCUs (CCTs) in
responsive positions of question-answer sequences in Mandarin daily conversations. Adopting the methodologies of Conversation
Analysis, Interactional Linguistics and Multimodal Analysis, the study explores the sequential features of the CCTs and
bodily-visual resources co-occurring with the CCTs, such as gaze orientations and gestures. Two categories have been identified
based on the participants’ roles in the question-answer sequences. First, the answerer initiates the response to the question, and
the questioner collaboratively completes the response. The analysis shows that the questioners are not conveying the action of
answering the question but assuming the answer to the question. Second, one answerer initiates the response to the question, and
another one collaboratively completes the response. The data demonstrates that this type of CCTs usually involves the two
question-recipients with more or less equal epistemic access to the referent.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Literature review
- 2.1Collaborative construction of TCUs
- 2.2Questions-answer sequences
- 3.Data and methodology
- 4.Findings
- 4.1The questioner collaboratively completes the SPP
- 4.2Two recipients collaboratively construct the SPP
- 5.Conclusion
References
References (47)
Bolden, Galina B. 2003. “Multiple Modalities in Collaborative Turn Sequences.” Gesture 3 (2): 187–212.
Clayman, Steven E. 2002. “Sequence and Solidarity.” In Group Cohesion, Trust and Solidarity, ed. by Shane R. Thye and Edward J. Lawler, 229–53. Advances in Group Processes 19. Bingley, UK: Emerald.
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, and Margret Selting. 2001. “Introducing Interactional Linguistics.” In Studies in Interactional Linguistics, ed. by Margret Selting and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, 1–24. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Drew, Paul. 2005. “Conversation Analysis.” In Handbook of Language and Social Interaction ed. by Kristine L. Fitch and Robert E. Sanders, 71–102. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ford, Cecilia E., Barbara A. Fox, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1996. “Practices in the Construction of Turns: The ‘TCU’ Revisited.” Pragmatics 6 (3): 427–54.
Goodwin, Marjorie H., and Charles Goodwin. 1986. “Gesture and Coparticipation in the Activity of Searching for a Word.” Semiotica 62 (1–2): 51–75.
Hayashi, Makoto. 1999. “Where Grammar and Interaction Meet: A Study of Co-Participant Completion in Japanese Conversation.” Human Studies 22 (2): 475–99.
. 2003. Joint Utterance Construction in Japanese Conversation. Studies in Discourse and Grammar 12. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2005. “Joint Turn Construction through Language and the Body: Notes on Embodiment in Coordinated Participation in Situated Activities.” Semiotica 156–1/41 (2005): 21–53.
Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. 2004. “Shared Syntax: The Grammar of Co-Constructions.” Journal of Pragmatics 36 (8): 1315–36.
Heritage, John. 2012a. “Epistemics in Action: Action Formation and Territories of Knowledge.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 45 (1): 1–29.
. 2012b. “The Epistemic Engine: Sequence Organization and Territories of Knowledge.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 45 (1): 30–52.
Kim, Haeyeon. 2002. “Collaborative Turn Completion in Korean Conversation.” Language Research 38 (4): 1281–316.
Lee, Ok Joo. 2005. “The Prosody of Questions in Beijing Mandarin.” PhD diss., Columbus, OH: Ohio State University. [URL]
1993. “Collectivities in Action: Establishing the Relevance of Conjoined Participation in Conversation.” Text & Talk 13 (2): 213–46.
1996. “On the ‘Semi-permeable’ Character of Grammatical Units in Conversation: Conditional Entry into the Turn Space of Another Speaker.” In The Language of Turn and Sequence, ed. by Cecilia Ford, Barbara Fox, and Sandra A. Thompson, 238–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2002. “Turn Sharing: The Choral Co-Production of Talk-in-Interaction.” In The Language of Turn and Sequence, ed. by Cecilia E. Ford, Barbara A. Fox, and Sandra A. Thompson, 225–56. Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lerner, Gene H., and Tomoyo Takagi. 1999. “On the Place of Linguistic Resources in the Organization of Talk-in-Interaction: A Co-Investigation of English and Japanese Grammatical Practices.” Journal of Pragmatics 31 (1): 49–75.
Li, Charles, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Xiaoting. 2014. Multimodality, Interaction, and Turn-taking in Mandarin Conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Li, Xiaoting, and Tsuyoshi Ono. 2019. Multimodality in Chinese Interaction. Applications of Cognitive Linguistics 34. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Li, Ziyun 李子云. 1982. “Zhuwei weiyuju” 主谓谓语句 [Sentence with subject-predicate structure as predicate]. Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu 语言教学与研究 [Language Pedagogy and Research] 31: 52–62.
Liu, Yuehua 刘月华, Wen-Wu Pan 潘文娱, and Wei Gu 故韡. 2002. Shiyong xiandai Hanyu yufa 实用现代汉语语法 [Practical grammar of Mandarin]. Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan商务印书馆 [The Commercial Press].
Local, John. 2005. “On the Interactional and Phonetic Design of Collaborative Completions.” In A Figure of Speech: A Festschrift for John Laver, ed. by William J. Hardcastle and Janet Mackenzie Beck, 263–82. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mori, Junko, and Makoto Hayashi. 2006. “The Achievement of Intersubjectivity through Embodied Completions: A Study of Interactions between First and Second Language Speakers.” Applied Linguistics 27 (2): 195–219.
Ono, Tsuyoshi, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1996. Interaction and Syntax in the Structure of Conversational Discourse: Collaboration, Overlap, and Syntactic Dissociation. In Computational and Conversational Discourse: Burning Issues – An Interdisciplinary Account, ed. by Eduard H. Hovy and Donia R. Scott, 67–96. NATO ASI Series (Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences), vol 1511. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Persson, Rasmus. 2015. “Registering and Repair-Initiating Repeats in French Talk-in-Interaction.” Discourse Studies 17 (5): 583–608.
. 2017. “Fill-in-the-Blank Questions in Interaction: Incomplete Utterances as a Resource for Doing Inquiries.” Research on Language and Social Interaction 50 (3): 227–48.
Pomerantz, Anita. 1984. “Agreeing and Disagreeing with Assessments: Some Features of Preferred/Dispreferred Turn Shapes.” In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, ed. by J. Maxwell Atkinson and John Heritage, 57–101. Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Raymond, Geoffrey. 2010. “Grammar and Social Relations: Alternative Forms of Yes/No-Type Initiating Actions in Health Visitor Interactions.” In Why Do You Ask? The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse, ed. by Alice F. Freed and Susan Ehrlich, 87–107. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. 1974. “A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation.” Language 50 (4): 696–735.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1968. “Sequencing in Conversational Openings.” American Anthropologist 70 (6), 1075–95.
1982. “Discourse as an Interactional Achievement: Some Uses of ‘Uh Huh’ and Other Things that Come between Sentences.” In Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk, ed. by Deborah Tannen, 71–93. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
2007. Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. 11 vol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Selting, Margret, Peter Auer, Dagmar Barth-Weingarten, Jörg Bergmann, Pia Bergmann, Karin Birkner, Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen, Arnulf Deppermann, Peter Gilles, Susanne Günthner, Martin Hartung, Friederike Kern, Christine Mertzlufft, Christian Meyer, Miriam Morek, Frank Oberzaucher, Jörg Peters, Uta Quasthoff, Wilfried Schütte, Anja Stukenbrock, and Susanne Uhmann, trans. Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen and Dagmar Barth-Weingarten. 2011. “A System for Transcribing Talk-in-Interaction: GAT 2.” Gesprächsforschung – Online-Zeitschrift zur verbalen Interaktion [Conversation research – Online journal on verbal interaction] 121 (2011): 1–51.
Stivers, Tanya. 2010. “An Overview of the Question–Response System in American English Conversation.” Journal of Pragmatics 42 (10): 2772–81.
Stivers, Tanya, and Jeffrey D. Robinson. 2006. “A Preference for Progressivity in Interaction.” Language in Society 35 (3): 367–92.
Szczepek, Beatrice. 2000a. “Formal Aspects of Collaborative Productions in English Conversation.” Interaction and Linguistic Structures (InLiSt) 171: 1–34.
. 2000b. “Functional Aspects of Collaborative Productions in English Conversation.” Interaction and Linguistic Structures (InLiSt) 211: 1–36.
Thompson, Sandra A., Barbara A. Fox, and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen. 2015. Grammar in Everyday Talk: Building Responsive Actions. London: Cambridge University Press.
Xiao, Guozheng 肖国政. 1994. “Xiandai Hanyu fei tezhiwen jiandashi de jiben leixing” 现代汉语非特指问简答式的基本类型 [Basic types of modern Chinese non-specific questions and short answers]. In Yufa yanjiu yu yufa yingyong 语法研究与语法应用 [Grammar research and grammar application], ed. by Jingmin Shao 邵敬敏, 172–83. Beijing: Beijing yuyan xueyuan chubanshe 北京语言学院出版社 [Beijing Linguistics Society Publishing].
Xie, Xinyang 谢心阳. 2016. “Wen yu da: Xingshi he gongneng de buduichen” 问与答:形式和功能的不对称 [Question and answer: The asymmetry between form and function]. PhD diss., Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan 中国社会科学院 [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences].
