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In:Historical Linguistics 2022: Selected papers from the 25th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Oxford, 1–5 August 2022
Edited by Holly Kennard, Emily Lindsay-Smith, Aditi Lahiri and Martin Maiden
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 369] 2025
► pp. 215–231

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The emergence of oblique subjects

Identifiable processes in the history of Icelandic

 | Yale University
 | University of Iceland
Published online: 7 April 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.369.14sig
Abstract
Predicate-specific oblique subjects have emerged throughout the history of Icelandic. The novel contribution of this paper is spelling out the precise mechanisms of the changes. We focus on three general processes: Oblique-Case Substitution (OCS), Case-Preserving Anticausativization (CPA) and Argument Swapping (ARS). OCS involves morphosyntactic leveling targeting experiencer predicates, causing nominative experiencer subjects to be replaced by oblique ones. CPA is a special kind of anticausativization, where the oblique case of the object of a transitive verb matches the case of the subject of the corresponding anticausative, resulting in an oblique-subject construction. Finally, ARS involves a reanalysis of an object as a subject. The oblique subject in dative-nominative structures, in particular with st-predicates (‘middles’), arose through ARS from earlier nominative-dative structures, motivated by the animacy of the dative.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Subject case in Icelandic
  • 3.Pathways in the emergence of oblique subjects
    • 3.1Oblique-Case Substitution
    • 3.2Case-Preserving Anticausativization
  • 4.Evidence for a further pathway: Argument Swapping
    • 4.1Oblique NPs with st-predicates
    • 4.2Conditions for ARS
    • 4.3Further considerations and summary
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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