In:Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond
Edited by Robert Crellin and Thomas Jügel
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 352] 2020
► pp. 675–686
Subject index
Published online: 23 September 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.352.si
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.352.si
A
- ablaut
2, 18–21, 26, 27, 30,
58, 112
- o-grade 2, 21, 26, 31, 220
- accomplishment 74, 233–235, 248, 254, 382, 386, 422, 454, 456, 463, 555–557, 562, 565, 569, 577, 580
- accusative
12, 151, 178, 179, 185,
187, 229, 318,
352, 366, 369,
390, 396, 397
- ~ alignment 32, 152, 228, 357
- achievement 61, 66, 233, 234, 253, 254, 262, 263, 268, 269, 290, 382, 454, 549, 555–557, 562, 565, 571, 572, 576, 577, 584
- action verbs17
- actional
- ~ classes233see also predicate classes, situation type
- ~ passive 124, 130, 153, 160–164
- ~ perfect 129, 160, 177, 200, 203, 379
- ~ properties 216, 381
- actionality / aktionsart 17, 132, 166, 222, 223, 233, 287, 300, 378–382, 387, 411–413, 417
- active passim;see also neo-active, voice
- activity 63–66, 233–235, 294, 344, 366, 382, 386, 387, 398–402, 422, 425, 429, 430, 484, 555, 556, 563–566, 580 ; see also atelic
- actualising device631
- adjective passim;see also predicative, verb(al)
- deverbal ~ 152, 153
- adjunct 8, 63, 71, 113
- admirative 39, 40, 505, 507, 538, 541, 543, 545 ; see also mirative
- adstrates162
- adverb(ial)
11, 52, 67, 96, 101,
107, 110, 113,
158, 218, 247,
282, 285, 342,
345, 396, 445,
491, 516, 544,
604, 623
- definite time / temporal ~ 159, 163, 164, 178, 460, 461, 471–475, 497, 523, 544, 623, 635, 655, 663
- temporal / time ~ 6, 55, 104, 109, 129, 170, 180, 215, 216, 221, 230, 248, 254, 289, 336–339, 374, 400, 401, 626, 656, 657
- ‘already’ 247, 271, 382, 401, 635, 637–648, 661–662
- ‘just’ 54, 55, 247, 271, 382, 635, 657, 663 ; see also iamitive
- agent
- ~ (A)-orientation 24, 33, 124, 226–230, 387, 388, 398, 399, 404, 406 ; see also subject
- transitive ~7
- agentless 78, 80
- agentive
8, 10, 76, 165, 171,
324, 329
- ~ complement71
- ~ nominal 27, 89
- ~ phrase 65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 80, 83–86
- ~ subject313
- ~ verb 34, 36, 70
- inagentivesee middle
- non-agentive 88, 89
- agglutination 183, 184
- agreement
2, 9, 31, 114, 128,
139, 145, 152,
181–189, 203,
281, 384, 390,
394–397, 486
- ~ controller 126, 150, 151, 177–179
- ~ marker 281, 315
- core argument ~ 32, 36, 38, 175–182, 315, 318, 321–324, 390, 394, 397, 486
- lack of ~ 178, 182, 397
- loss of ~ 145, 203
- pronominal ~322
- verbal ~114
- aktionsartsee actionality
- alignment
6–8, 26,
33, 36, 225, 319
- semantic ~314
- syntactic ~ 74, 161, 217, 328 ; see also accusative, ergative
- allomorphy 153, 216, 519
- ambitransitive 155, 184, 187
- analytic(al)
90, 91
- ~ form / construction 52, 117, 420, 581, 582
- ~ imperfective299
- ~ past183
- ~ past perfect / pluperfect 85, 384, 424
- ~ perfect 96, 98, 112, 114, 259, 260, 384, 412, 419, 420, 423, 424, 551, 581 ; see also synthetic
- anchoring (deictic) 103–109, 183, 247–251, 263–269 ; see also origo
- animate 65, 70, 231, 460 ; see also inanimate
- anterior(ity)
- ~ construction 245, 335
- ~ participle 123, 149, 153, 161, 185, 198
- ~ perfective 553, 577
- future ~ 136, 569
- antiresultative189
- aorist
- ~ infinitive (ainf) 36, 37, 493, 494, 500, 501, 519, 627
- ~ participle (ap) 487, 491, 500, 501, 624, 625
- competition with the preterite / perfective 28, 31, 32, 140, 471, 498, 513 ; see also perfective, past
- aoristic364
- ~ perfect 438, 470, 608, 616, 627, 629, 631 ; see also narrative
- areal
- ~ diffusion / spread 2, 108, 109, 151, 153, 201
- ~ feature 50, 54, 76
- argument
- ~ structure 17, 34, 36, 131, 142, 328, 443, 445, 449, 459 ; see also valency
- external ~ 440, 447, 449, 458
- internal ~ 440, 445, 447, 449, 466 ; see also event
- aspect
- ~ prominence 615, 616, 624, 631
- grammatical ~ 329, 379, 381, 382, 412, 414, 420
- imperfective ~ 96, 97, 155, 165, 200, 379, 411–413, 418–429
- lexical ~ 96, 98, 101, 104, 112, 378, 381, 412, 413, 418–424, 430, 431
- progressive ~ 26, 52, 74, 79, 86
- Slavic-style ~ 413, 418, 419, 430
- stem-derivational ~ 149, 200
- viewpoint ~ 412–414, 418–421, 430, 554, 557
- aspectuality 95, 117, 412, 419
- asymmetry
- dialectal180
- paradigmatic 323, 325
- atelic
- ~ eventuality 440, 447, 449, 452, 461, 475, 602
- ~ lexical aspect 104, 112
- ~ predicates 254, 255, 259, 261, 387, 428, 449, 451, 466, 469, 474, 475, 555
- ~ readings421
- ~ verbs 17, 36, 102, 142, 146–148, 173, 186, 287, 335, 386, 387, 398, 400, 403, 405, 418–421, 425, 426, 601 ; see also activity, homogeneous
- atelicity 412, 420, 426, 429, 430
- atomic predicates 562–567, 569
- attrition203see also erosion
- autonomous 78, 79, 380, 420
- auxiliarisation 405, 429, 431
- auxiliary
- ~ selection 36, 40, 96, 102, 295, 393, 405, 431
- ~ verb construction (avc) 377–381, 383–404
- be- ~ 102, 150, 161, 164, 181–184, 192, 194, 197, 198, 594, 606
- future ~198
- have- ~ 154, 165, 185, 192, 404, 422, 423, 607, 610
- passive ~164see also future, perfect, periphrasis, preterite
B
- background
70, 110, 218, 237, 238,
269, 351, 400–402
- ~ information 104, 291, 342, 620, 625
- backgrounding 59, 160
- backgrounding device 616, 620, 631 ; see also defocalisation
- be-auxiliarysee auxiliary
- be-perfectsee perfect (formations)
- be-pluperfectsee pluperfect
- biclausal construction 145, 421
- bilingualism 53, 58, 73, 180, 486, 488, 491, 604
- borrowing
603, 606
- matter- ~164
- pattern- ~ 164, 180, 181, 185, 203 ; see also calque, copying, loan verbs
C
- calque 196, 288, 352, 591–595, 600, 609, 610 ; see also borrowing
- cancelled (annulled) result 135, 141, 146, 190, 194
- causal 80, 129, 219, 496
- causative (caus)
155, 180, 219, 220, 229,
234, 442, 447,
454, 467, 470,
471
- ~ COS (cCOS) 450, 451, 456, 463–465
- ~ COS eventuality475
- ~ COS predicates 440, 445, 449, 453, 458, 466, 469–470
- non- ~443
- change of state (COS)
3, 4, 7, 129, 141,
217, 229, 232,
246, 254, 263,
359, 368, 377,
382, 386, 387,
389, 398, 401,
402, 405, 414,
442, 555, 557,
567, 572, 575,
578–581
- COS eventuality 439, 440
- COS predicate 443, 446, 447, 454, 459, 466
- non-homogeneous non-COS (nh ncos) 439, 446, 450–456, 463–465
- Charlemagne Sprachbund 592, 597, 598, 600, 609
- clause types
- conditional 192, 197, 372, 493, 499, 530, 537, 539, 540
- relative 239, 256, 371, 372, 522, 534, 643
- small 87, 89
- subordinate 51, 128, 174, 222, 484, 485, 498, 515, 531, 534, 535, 560–562, 576, 630
- temporal 85–89, 535
- clinch (an argument) 168, 615, 616, 627, 628, 631
- clitic 182–184, 204, 312, 321, 383, 386, 391–393, 398, 405, 512, 616, 621 ; see also enclitic, proclitic
- coercion 4, 566
- cognitive
58, 311, 332, 333, 336,
338, 345–348
- ~ domain 249–251, 257, 258, 265–274
- ~ verb 68, 374
- collective 68, 84 ; see also impersonal
- comparison
3, 77, 78
- by branchch.2
- by period 108, 281–283, 456, 462–465, 577, 602, 603
- comparative concept of the perfect 1, 2, 637
- historical-comparative semantics253
- of Albanian and Armenian514
- of Albanian and Germanic 510, 517, 518, 520, 521, 523, 544
- of Albanian and Greek 506, 514, 516, 519, 530
- of Albanian and Latin/Romance 506, 510, 513, 516, 518, 519, 521, 530, 535, 536, 537, 542, 543
- of Albanian and Slavic 200, 506, 510, 519, 545
- of Albanian and Turkic545
- within Aramaicch.9
- of Aramaic and Arabic 327, 328, 330
- of Aramaic and Iranian 299, 312, 325–332, 344, 345
- of Armenian and Greek 353–356, 358–371
- of Armenian and Slavic 152, 153, 354
- of Armenian and Tocharian354
- within Balticch.5
- of Baltic and Germanic 139, 147
- of Baltic and Greek133
- of Baltic and Romance139
- of Baltic and Slavic 129, 138, 139, 144, 151, 153, 156, 160–162, 164, 177, 185, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197, 200–204
- within Celticch.3
- of Celtic and Germanic 52, 57–59, 66, 67, 69, 72–74, 76, 78, 90
- of Celtic and Latin/Romance 61, 73, 76–78, 84
- of Celtic and SAE51
- within Germanic ch.4, ch.12
- of Germanic and Latin/Romance 109, 421, 599
- within (periods of) Greek ch.13, ch.14
- of Greek and Germanic 414–417, 484, 493, 496, 497, 500, ch.18
- of Greek and Latin/Romance 486, 488, 489, 493, 500
- of Greek and Romance/Germanic 378, 381, 383, 389, 393, 395, 397
- of Hittite and Greek-Indo-Iranian 378, 382, 398
- within Indo-Iranian ch.7, ch.8
- of Indo-Iranian and Greek 245, 246
- within Iranianch.8
- of Iranian and Germanic 295, 304
- of Iranian and Greekch.18
- of Iranian and Hittite295
- of Iranian and Romance295
- of Iranian and Turkic 299, 302
- within Romance 602, 603
- of Romance and Arabic 603–605, 610
- within Slavicch.5
- within SAEch.17
- of Slavic and Finno-Ugric 162, 189, 197, 200, 202
- of Slavic and Germanic 150, 154, 159, 160, 162–165, 180, 183, 187, 200, 203, 412–414, 416, 418–420, 424, 430
- of Slavic and Greek 156, 163, 167, 200
- of Slavic and Latin/Romance 150, 152, 154, 162, 181, 182, 200, 203
- of Tocharian and Baltic 226, 232
- of Tocharian and Greek 221, 226, 232
- of Tocharian and Indo-Aryan 226, 232
- of Tocharian and Latin216
- of Tocharian and Slavic 152, 221, 226, 232, 239
- typological ~ ch.1, ch.19 ; see also contact
- completion
11, 74
- of an eventuality 10, 63, 76, 96, 116, 255, 258, 262, 266, 281, 290, 293, 296, 300, 301, 374, 375, 384, 393, 401–404, 418, 421, 449, 475, 515, 517, 529, 562, 624, 662
- of an exposition631
- of a predicate247
- of a subevent286
- auxiliary denoting ~287
- sequence ~414
- temporal ~414
- completive 39, 50, 66, 91, 247, 248 ; see also perfect readings, perfective
- compositional
96, 98, 102, 134, 136,
176, 191, 222,
232, 238, 241,
386, 391, 404,
405
- non- ~ 135, 189, 215, 405, 406
- conceptual
- ~ integration 387, 404
- ~ moment 556, 557, 572, 573, 575
- conditional 35, 86, 493, 512 ; see also clause types
- confessional realignment 591, 592, 610
- contact (linguistic)
2, 58, 108, 123, 148,
151, 157, 177,
180, 181, 188,
189, 196, 200–202, 305, 311, 312, 325, 327,
344, 483, 487,
489, 500, 591,
596, 601–603, 606–610
- ~ -induced 49, 73, 118
- language ~ 74, 111, 118, 149, 302, 324 ; see also comparison
- continuation
- continuative perfect 5, 17, 38, 72 (enduring state), 133, 141, 159, 236, 241, 248, 256, 259–268, 336, 370–375, 617, 635, 649, 655, 662
- continuative prefix129
- continuing relevance 2, 5, 483, 484, 487, 493, 495, 497, 498, 630
- continuous 87, 279, 282, 293, 303, 304, 556 ; see also perfect readings
- converb 153, 222, 225, 230, 241, 507, 510
- copula (cop)
31–38, 40,
61, 65, 114, 130, 152,
189, 281, 282,
288, 296–299, 304, 314–323, 325–328, 330–332, 335, 341–343, 346, 347, 351,
352, 357, 371,
374, 383, 386,
395, 404, 429,
610, 618, 620
- transitive ~36
- copular sentences 390, 394, 395
- copular verb 124, 142
- copyingsee also borrowing
- polysemy ~ 180, 203
- counterfactual 127, 137, 192, 194, 372, 375, 493, 499, 530, 536, 537, 539–541
- current relevance 105, 106, 109, 110, 131, 132, 140, 141, 145, 156–158, 171, 187, 200, 218–220, 235, 236, 248–251, 256, 269–271, 347, 370–374, 382, 400, 483, 485, 487, 496, 497, 500, 608, 619, 620–625, 659 ; see also perfect readings
D
- D-domain 249–251, 254, 263–273
- debitive128
- decategorisation 203, 204
- default
39, 69, 70, 87, 158,
200, 222, 440,
529, 561, 621,
623
- ~ nominal form 9, 150, 151, 177, 319–322, 396
- ~ tense 72, 76, 86, 133, 156, 490, 623, 629
- ~ verbal form 52, 124, 317
- defective (Df) 450, 451, 455, 456, 463–465, 578, 623
- definite
61, 104, 316, 345–347, 358, 371, 510
- ~ (nominals) 81, 372
- ~ object 314, 316–318, 321, 322, 352, 369
- definiteness 66, 71, 106, 345, 414 ; see also adverb(ial), indefinite
- defocalisation 294, 302, 311, 332–334, 336, 338–341, 345, 347
- defocus 105, 263
- delimitation 237, 238, 413, 466, 484
- depassivisation78
- deponent 38, 518, 519, 550, 551, 580, 581, 595–598
- detransitivising 441, 442, 449, 454, 458, 459, 466, 471, 475
- diachrony
4, 7, 106, 124, 145,
151, 215, 245,
345
- diachronic process 2, 141, 380
- dialectology 111–118, 188
- dialogue 56, 71, 107, 108, 338
- diasystem182
- diathesis
3, 6, 7, 19, 24,
26, 33, 50, 78, 82,
88, 220, 368, 413, 419,
429
- ~ orientation 153, 166, 184–186, 201, 202, 458, 549
- diathetic lability 123, 160 ; see also voice
- discontinuous past 135, 189, 192, 195, 196
- discourse mode 107, 108, 110
- discourse topic
183, 225–227, 333, 615–631
- topic shift224
- topicalisation182see also information structure
- double perfectsee perfect
- D-structure440
- durative
- ~ action(ality) 173, 300, 379, 417, 418, 601–605
- ~ adverbial 158, 285
- ~ construction335
- ~ unaccusatives420
- ~ verb 152, 421, 425
- atelic- ~422
- intransitive ~425
- durativa tantum430
- durativity 420, 603, 610
E
- elaboration
- ~ of background information342
- ~ of topic 615–617, 625–627
- enclitic 183, 281, 298, 317, 325–328, 616 ; see also clitic
- endpoint (inherent) 217, 233, 234, 382 ; see also completion
- enduring state72see also perfect readings
- epicentres (linguistic)305
- epistemic
162, 343, 345–347, 617
- ~ extension140
- ~ meaning128
- ergative
8, 33, 36, 152, 228,
314, 315, 320,
321, 324, 329,
332
- ~ alignment 7, 31, 32, 281
- ~ case7
- ergativity 281, 314, 324
- erosionsee also attrition
- phonological ~ 142, 203, 295
- semantic ~142
- evaluation time (t0) 17, 247, 250, 254, 261, 262
- event
- ~ integration380
- ~ structure 246, 248, 345, 347, 440, 449, 556, 567
- ~ time (tE) 106, 117, 230, 247, 254, 257, 261–263, 332–343, 346–348, 372, 572
- prior ~ 332, 442, 446, 453, 484, 485, 487, 531, 549, 557, 581, 583 ; see also argument, endpoint, predicate classes, situation type
- eventive
583, 585
- ~ reading 383, 389, 582
- non- ~582
- eventuality 439–442, 446–449, 461, 466, 474, 475, 484, 491, 493, 498, 555, 549, 556–558, 565–567, 570, 575, 585 ; see also event
- evidential 6, 28, 39, 40, 126–128, 140, 161, 162, 183, 218, 236, 241, 274, 280, 302–304, 336, 345, 347, 375
- evidentiality 96, 134, 154, 245, 248, 273, 279, 593, 635 ; see also admirative, indirect, inferential, mirative, mood, presupposition(al), renarrative, reportativity, tense-aspect-mood(-evidentiality)
- existential
- ~ reading 259–264, 300, 334, 335, 345, 346, 505, 509, 522–527, 544
- ~ verb 124, 140, 142, 180, 255, 256, 296
- expansion
141, 152, 182, 184–186, 202, 203
- of the perfect 3, 5, 95, 102, 103, 106– 112, 117, 118, 438, 454, 457, 651, 653, 662
- experiencer 17, 67, 72, 82, 88, 90, 227, 229, 236
- experiential
5, 17, 27, 59, 72,
76, 111, 131, 134, 140,
141, 145, 147,
157, 158, 166,
168, 189, 191,
192, 200, 232,
241, 249, 256,
267, 324, 334,
485, 601
see also perfect readings
- negated ~ contexts 635, 654, 663
- experientiality77
- extended now 248, 256, 333, 447, 649
- external argument 440, 447, 449, 458
F
- felicity condition 454, 460, 649
- finite
- ~ clause 89, 125
- ~ past tense 32, 33, 57, 157
- ~ perfect 24, 30, 581
- ~ preterite 22, 28, 32
- ~ verb 22, 51, 52, 89, 113, 114, 126, 152, 162, 200, 222, 231, 232, 281, 285, 298, 312, 377, 380, 381, 384, 386, 391–393, 484, 510, 512, 549, 551, 646
- non- ~ 54, 82, 89, 128, 484, 510, 512
- non- ~ clause125
- non- ~ perfect 50, 87, 581
- focus
- discourse / syntactic ~ 159, 182, 183, 225, 271, 311, 338, 339, 348 ; see also defocalisation
- focused
- ~ participant 79, 81, 114, 153, 155, 201, 340, 389
- ~ time / (sub)eventuality 17, 63, 74, 101–106, 162, 179, 180, 236, 294, 302–303, 339, 371, 373, 389, 401, 403, 659
- forward-pointing device615
- fossilisation 153, 189, 195, 203, 470 ; see also petrification
- frequency 55, 76, 102, 103, 106–108, 112, 115, 154, 155, 179, 184, 202, 228, 233, 395, 402, 450, 486, 493, 597–601, 636, 640, 643, 646–662
- future
- ~ anterior 136, 569
- ~ auxiliary198
- ~ perfect 6, 35, 96, 127, 129, 136, 140, 141, 146, 147, 149, 189, 197–200, 202, 304, 435, 512, 535, 550, 552, 557, 569–577, 584
- ~ perfective571
- ~ pluperfect552
- periphrastic ~ 147, 197, 199
- futurum exactum 85, 162, 199
G
- genitive subject 351–353, 374
- gerund 491, 492, 500
- gerundive 152, 354
- gnomic 303, 429, 568
- Gothic ga-compound 412, 414–416
- grammatical relation 3, 6, 312
- grammaticalisation 2, 32, 38, 40, 52, 58, 64, 99–104, 107, 109, 114, 117, 118, 123, 139–142, 145, 182–184, 201–204, 215, 224, 241, 272, 282, 292, 379, 380, 387, 389, 392, 397, 404–406, 411, 413, 417–426, 429–431, 463, 486, 512, 518, 579, 599, 609, 635, 637, 645– 648, 651, 661, 662
- grammaticalised
- ~ aspect 96, 429, 484
- ~ aspectual systems484
H
- habitual
68, 77, 104, 110, 344,
347, 379, 400,
484, 605
- ~ past 86, 127, 345 ; see also durative, imperfective, iterative
- habituality 303, 420, 429
- have-auxiliarysee auxiliary
- have-perfectsee perfect
- have-perfectivesee perfective
- highlighting 187, 226, 233, 266, 269, 285, 295, 367, 386, 399, 484, 516, 615, 616, 623, 629–631
- homogeneity 439, 443
- homogeneous (event structure)
- ~ atelic 440, 447–451, 461, 466, 474, 475
- bounded ~ atelic 469, 475
- ~ eventuality 439, 442, 475
- non- ~ non-COS 439, 446, 450–456, 463–465
- ~ predicates 442, 449, 469 ; see also atelic, event
- hot news 132, 136, 156, 157, 220, 333, 602, 617
- hypocoristic75
I
- iamitive 637, 644–648, 652, 655, 659, 661, 662
- illocutionary acts 176, 224
- illocutive events139
- imperative 127, 384, 393–407, 417, 454, 510–512, 544
- imperfect passim
- imperfective
- ~ aspect 96, 97, 155, 165, 200, 379, 411–413, 418–429 ; see also durative, iterative, habitual
- impersonal
51, 67, 68, 78, 79,
83, 84, 127, 160, 367
- ~ evidential126
- ~ passive126
- implicature
332, 334, 340, 366, 370,
443, 474, 509,
527, 558, 562,
654
- added ~ 615, 616, 629–631
- inferential ~ 251, 272
- inagentivesee middle
- inalienable possession139
- inanimate 187, 231 ; see also animate
- inchoative 155, 232, 233, 416, 417, 565
- indeclinable participle 181, 182, 184, 203
- indefinite
104, 109, 248, 261, 267,
332–334, 345–347, 510, 520
- ~ (nominals) 227, 239, 390, 391, 593
- ~ object 66, 319, 322, 352, 367, 368, 520
- ~ subject 78, 79 ; see also definite
- indicative passim
- indirect
- ~ evidential 245, 246, 251
- ~ evidentiality 158–161, 200, 202, 251, 302
- ~ object625
- ~ perfective 336–345
- ~ reference254
- ~ reference point 311, 345
- ~ remote past habitual345
- ~ yes/no questions 535, 536
- indirective 302–303, 336
- infectum 549–552
- inferential38
- ~ category 248, 291
- ~ habituality303
- ~ implicature 251, 272
- ~ past 40, 248, 264, 271, 272, 303
- ~ progressive past303
- ~ reading 39, 40, 127, 140, 141, 161, 197, 198, 251, 264–267, 271 ; see also evidential
- infinitive (inf) 36, 37, 53, 76, 112–115, 128, 152, 199, 229, 299, 354, 355, 436, 493–500, 507, 510, 512, 519, 549, 551, 559, 577, 578, 583, 584, 624, 627
- information structure 183, 190, 203, 338 ; see also discourse topic
- ingestive verb 155, 177, 184
- initial mutations51
- innovation 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 29, 34, 40, 108, 152, 194, 220, 256, 283, 325, 384, 487, 488, 495, 576, 595, 597, 602, 603, 607–610
- intensive perfect 17, 25, 26, 28, 442
- interface
- lexical-grammatical aspect ~412
- semantics-pragmatics ~558
- internal argument 440, 445, 447, 449, 466
- interrogative 51, 57, 317, 593
- intransitive
- ~ clause 313, 314
- ~ construction 7, 324, 466
- ~ participle 126, 129, 152, 179, 180, 182, 187, 387, 392, 393, 396, 398, 403, 424–426
- ~ past / preterite 33, 34, 37
- ~ perfect 6, 8, 11, 17, 20, 24, 38, 77, 102, 141, 155, 172, 292, 315, 316, 323, 324, 330, 331, 352, 357, 374, 388, 420, 425, 466, 518, 520
- ~ perfective 315, 316, 323, 330, 331
- ~ subject 7, 281, 313, 314, 319, 321, 351, 353, 357, 466
- ~ verb 12, 226, 295, 382–389, 396, 421, 422, 431, 441, 514, 519, 623 ; see also transitive, unaccusative, unergative
- iterative
- ~ adverbials104
- ~ semantics 164, 166, 447, 531, 603, 605, 610
- ~ situation 173, 304
- ~ suffix379
- gnomic ~429see also durative, imperfective, habitual
L
- lability 17, 26, 123, 160, 184, 226, 445, 447, 458, 459, 466, 467
- language-specific 2, 96, 102, 246, 641
- lexical
- ~ aspect 96, 98, 101, 104, 112, 378, 381, 412, 413, 418–424, 430, 431
- ~ input 123, 126, 131, 138, 141, 149, 153, 166, 175, 176, 180, 186–188, 201–204, 217, 287 ; see also actionality
- lexicalisation 9, 24, 27, 73, 231–233, 356, 393, 412, 413, 470, 578, 580, 649
- loan verbs180see also borrowing
- localistic reading 64, 66, 81
- location
65, 201
- ~ -pattern / schema 153, 202, 380
- temporal ~ 106, 156, 333, 491
- l-participle
35, 40, 149–152, 156, 162, 166, 179,
183, 186, 192–194, 199, 200, 203, 607, 608
- long form 149, 152, 157, 161, 169, 172, 194–199
- short form149
M
- matter-borrowings164
- merger 5, 27–30, 37, 66, 80, 216, 283, 462, 469, 475, 485–487, 513, 518, 550, 551
- middle/medium
16–30, 220,
226, 239, 406,
411, 448, 512
- non- ~ 19, 24
- protomiddle 25, 26 ; see also non-active, voice
- mirative 161, 303, 339, 340, 345, 347, 615, 619–623, 631 ; see also admirative
- monolectic (perfect / pluperfect) ch.2, 462, 485, 486, 488, 490 ; see also analytic(al), synthetic
- monothematic378
- mood 34, 51, 52, 87, 96, 130, 223, 241, 304, 403, 484, 518, 549 ; see also evidential(ity), imperative, optative, subjunctive, tense-aspect-mood(-evidentiality)
- morphosyntactic integrity 142, 143, 203
- motion verbs 36, 360, 391
- multidimensional scaling (mds) 641–643, 647–653
- multilingual researchch.19
N
- nactostatic18
- narration 72, 107, 108, 110, 168, 170, 219, 291, 302, 341
- narrative
- ~ context 59, 111, 134, 168, 174, 251, 491, 541, 560
- ~ text 107, 507, 514, 600
- ~ use of the auxiliary 161, 183
- lack of use of the perfect in ~ 109, 160, 168, 172, 259
- use of the aorist / perfective in ~ 71, 156, 168, 170, 174, 220
- use of the participle in ~357
- use of the perfect in ~ 28, 56, 108, 110, 111, 135, 170, 173, 174, 272, 273, 341, 342, 347, 471–475, 552, 559, 562, 567, 608, 615, 616, 619, 620, 623, 626, 629–631 ; see also aoristic perfect
- use of the pluperfect in ~ 134, 628
- use of the preterite / simple past in ~ 57, 59, 60, 72, 200, 240
- negated 61, 62, 137, 144, 340, 416, 523 ; see also experiential
- negation 57, 144, 145, 151, 158, 340, 390, 393, 395, 416, 422, 449, 508, 593
- negative 51, 61, 147, 284, 340, 380, 390, 416, 530, 564, 593, 656
- neo-active25
- nominal sentence 386, 393–395, 521
- nominative 125, 150, 152, 153, 162, 175, 187, 222, 228, 229, 312, 313, 329, 332, 351, 352, 357, 390, 396, 397
- non-active 39, 435, 440–442, 447, 449, 454, 456–461, 466, 468, 470, 471, 508, 512, 518–520, 538, 551, 561 ; see also middle, voice
O
- object
- ~ orientation 27, 139, 156, 184, 186, 201 ; see also patient
- direct ~ 11, 67, 154, 179, 318, 369, 382, 390, 393, 397, 398, 443, 444, 452, 486, 509, 520, 521, 599
- indirect ~625
- prepositional ~178
- transitive ~7
- objectless 177, 178
- objective resultative 126, 124, 129, 130, 153, 154, 160, 162–164, 176, 184–187, 202, 369 ; see also result(ative)
- oblique
- ~ (case) 7, 8, 32, 150, 222, 324, 351
- ~ inflection332
- ~ suffix 312–315, 317, 324, 329
- optative 19–21, 28, 86, 222, 259, 510–512, 534, 537
- orientation
217, 225, 226, 250, 264,
267, 269, 398,
593
see also agent, diathesis, patient, subject, voice
- temporal ~ 561–563
- variable ~152
- discourse-orientation 132, 169
- event-oriented 175, 186, 200, 204
- recipient-oriented166
- origo 67, 183 ; see also anchoring
P
- Pāṇini 40, 251
- paradigm(atic)
- ~ isolation 153, 203
- ~ loss471
- ~ variability 123, 204
- paradigmatisation 215, 435, 454, 457, 458, 461, 463, 466
- participle
- non-agreeing ~ 181, 188
- uninflected ~ 180, 182, 186
- pronominal form 150, 152 ; see also l-participle
- passé surcomposé 87, 162
- passive
- ~ auxiliary164
- ~ periphrasis 83, 389, 391, 426, 429
- ~ voice 3, 324, 431, 521
- canonical ~166
- recipient ~ 165, 166
- stative ~ 130, 429, 431, 521 ; see also result(ative)see also depassivisation, periphrasis, synthetic, voice
- past
- ~ active participle (pap) 139, 142, 145, 153, 161, 593, 606, 607, 610
- ~ counterfactuals194
- ~ participle 30, 31, 34, 35, 53, 56, 60, 77, 83, 96, 97, 101, 124, 125, 126, 134, 138, 216, 221, 226, 281, 373, 383, 413, 418–421, 423–427, 429–431, 493, 505, 507, 510–512, 518–521, 532, 539–545, 593, 618
- ~ passive participle (ppp) 153, 597, 607, 610
- ~ perfect 96, 99, 116, 117, 129, 134, 137, 140, 141, 189, 303, 304, 335, 343, 344, 347, 422, 424, 429, 511, 529–536, 538–540, 552, 569, 570, 618, 646 ; see also pluperfect
- ~ perfect continuous304
- ~ perfective 2, 40, 99, 103–105, 109, 279, 283, 285, 286, 293–301, 305, 306, 312–317, 324–326, 328, 343, 345, 461, 483, 500, 564, 583, 584, 653
- discontinuous ~ 135, 189, 192, 195, 196
- frame ~189
- habitual ~ 86, 127, 345
- relative ~ 2, 483, 487, 491–493, 495, 498–501, 515, 529, 569
- remote ~ 215, 237, 238, 267, 272, 273, 301, 304, 311, 341–345, 347, 485, 497
- simple ~ 5, 32, 39, 59, 60, 69–72, 86, 96, 105, 129, 132, 133, 136, 140, 147, 247, 263, 269, 270, 279, 286, 291, 299, 335, 421, 422, 484, 490, 500, 558, 624, 645, 654, 657 ; see also analytic(al), retrospective, synthetic
- patient
1, 6, 7, 18, 24,
31–33, 82,
124, 152, 155,
160, 162, 184,
226, 354, 367,
369, 382, 389,
440, 468
- ~ (P)-orientation 18, 24, 31, 33, 124, 226–230, 386, 387, 388, 391, 398, 399, 404–406 ; see also object
- P-oriented stative construction245
- pattern-borrowing 164, 180, 181, 185, 203
- P-domain 249–251, 254, 256–258, 263–271, 273
- perception
- ~ of an event 171, 337
- verbs of ~ 68, 444, 445, 619, 620, 623, 631
- perfect (category)
- PIE ~ 15–27, 153, 220, 378, 411, 414
- perfect (formations)
- ~ active stem 438, 450, 454, 455, 458, 464, 466, 471
- ~ infinitive 549, 577, 578, 584
- ~ participle (prf.p) 30, 31, 33–35, 153, 226, 281, 298, 441, 447, 580, 581, 584, 640, 649
- ~ participle (prf.p) construction 281–286, 290, 292, 299, 302
- ~ passive participle (ppp) 82, 486, 488, 492, 497, 500, 501
- ~ periphrasissee periphrasis
- after- ~ (P1) ch.3, 651
- analytic ~ 96, 98, 112, 114, 259, 260, 384, 412, 419, 420, 423, 424, 551, 581
- be- ~ 2, 8, 10, 11, 36, 37, 77, 87, 96, 101, 123, 124, 193, 283, 383, 395, 425, 487, 488, 491, 501, 505, 512, 518, 519, 525, 532, 544, 592–601, 610, 649
- double ~ 75, 95, 115–117, 162, 279, 280, 301–303
- exist- ~ 294, 296, 297 ; see also existential verb
- future ~ 6, 35, 96, 127, 129, 136, 140, 141, 146, 147, 149, 189, 197–200, 202, 304, 435, 512, 535, 550, 552, 557, 569–577, 584
- have- ~ (P2) 1, 2, 8, 9, 36–39, 49, 52–60, 62–82, 85, 87–90, 96, 101, 102, 123, 158, 159, 181, 186, 187, 236, 295, 325, 391, 419, 420, 425, 431, 488, 489, 501, 505, 512, 518, 519, 532, 538, 539, 541, 544, 545, 591–593, 595–597, 599, 600, 606, 610, 649
- inverted univerbated ~ (iup) 507, 538–545
- non-finite ~ 50, 87
- possessive ~ 138, 140, 142, 176, 203, 593, 609
- reduplicated ~ 25, 378
- stay- ~ 283, 292–294, 297
- synthetic ~ ch.7, 551, 559, 567, 569, 577, 578, 581, 582, 599, 649
- perfecta tantum414
- perfectum 29, 293, 549–552 ; see also past, present
- perfect (readings)
- ~ continuous 280, 303, 304
- continuative / universal ~ 5, 17, 38, 72 (enduring state), 133, 141, 159, 236, 241, 248, 256, 259–268, 336, 370–375, 617, 635, 649, 655, 662
- experiential ~ 96, 101, 137, 173, 180, 215, 218, 236, 335
- hot news ~ 132, 136, 156, 157, 220, 333, 602, 617
- past ~ continuous304
- quantifying ~72
- characterising 368, 372
- persistent-situation reading 510, 527, 533
- property reading 383, 399, 403 ; see also completive, current relevance, existential
- perfective
- ~ aspect 49, 64, 96, 116, 117, 200, 299, 302, 336, 337, 341, 411–421, 426, 429–431, 553–565, 584, 624
- future ~571
- have ~ 422, 559
- PIE ~97
- reduplicated ~27see also aorist, completive
- performative
- ~ effect342
- ~ sentences518
- ~ use 171, 187, 286, 620
- ~ verb 68, 529, 617
- generic ~187
- periphrasis / periphrastic
5, 29, 31, 34, 35,
49–53, 57,
59, 60, 64, 65, 77,
83–87, 91,
124, 125, 128,
167, 225, 385,
401, 420, 427,
429, 483, 486–495, 510, 518, 618
- ~ construction 18, 29, 33, 36, 37, 40, 50, 52, 142, 204, 215, 246, 378–380, 389, 394, 411, 413, 418, 423–426, 431, 436, 437, 490, 497, 500, 598, 609, 648, 649
- ~ form 2, 52, 145, 198, 377, 379, 381, 411, 422
- ~ future 147, 197, 199
- ~ passive 70, 83, 377, 383, 388, 389, 391, 402–405, 426, 429
- ~ perfect 7, 15, 33, 36, 50, 52, 129, 354, ch.11, 425, 431, 486, 591, 597–599, 602, 605, 608
- petrification 281, 536 ; see also fossilisation
- phrasal verbs 90, 91
- pluperfect
6, 18–21, 27, 28, 35,
56, 66, 73, 89, 96,
111, 134–136, 146, 162, 174,
189–196, 200,
202, 215, 217,
237, 238, 241,
284, 289, 294,
297, 301–304, 343, 351, 352,
362, 364, 371–375, 393, 401, 435, 436, 445,
448, 454, 483–501, 505, 528, 529, 544, 545,
559, 570, 576,
628, 645, 646,
652
see also past perfect
- analytic ~ 85, 384, 424
- be- ~ 192, 193, 491
- double ~ 116, 117, 302
- future ~552
- have- ~192
- infinitival ~ 493–495, 500
- negated ~144
- non-evidential ~162
- periphrastic ~ 402–406, 425, 491, 493, 495
- supercompound ~ 190, 194, 195
- possession
62, 65, 73, 129, 140–142, 176, 177, 202, 203, 368,
380, 421, 601,
602
- inalienable ~139
- predicative ~ 138, 153, 154
- possessive resultativesee result(ative)
- possessor 65, 140, 153, 228, 369, 421, 423
- posteriority 67, 85, 86, 198, 508
- postsituation 557, 564, 570, 572 ; see also eventuality, situation type
- poststate 549, 557, 567, 568, 572, 575, 578, 579, 581 ; see also eventuality, result(atitive)
- pp-constructionsee preterite
- Präteritumschwundsee preterite loss
- predel’nost’see delimitation
- predicate
- ~ classessee accomplishment, achievement, activity, argument, atelic, atomic predicates, bounded homogeneous atelic, result(ative), telic, unaccusative, unergative, valency
- second ~9
- two-place ~ 225, 226, 351, 365, 440, 445–447
- predicative
139, 152, 153, 163, 164,
187, 218, 222,
224, 232, 325,
490, 581
- ~ adjective 125, 130, 238, 316
- ~ construction 100, 318, 329, 330
- ~ instrumental125
- ~ nominal281
- ~ possession 138, 153, 154
- prefixsee also preverb
- ga/gi- ~ 96, 98, 117, 411, 413–420, 423, 430, 431 ; see also Gothic ga-compound
- imperfective / atelic ~ 129, 298, 304, 345
- nominal ~ 284, 352
- perfective / telic ~ 91, 173, 287, 299, 411, 413, 414, 416
- subjunctive ~539
- tense marking ~ 32, 52, 327, 435, 658
- prefixation 5, 51, 52, 413, 414–418, 423, 640
- preposition(al)
2, 49, 53, 68, 80,
84, 88, 171, 233, 651
- ~ object178
- ~ phrase (prepp) 54, 62, 65, 67, 74, 82, 87, 312
- ~ subject38
- present
- ~ perfective 286, 306
- ~ perfect 20, 28, ch.4, 129–141, 160, 167, 170, 181–191, 219, 247, 248, 256, 271, 294, 315, 333, 335, 344, 347, 381–384, ch.15, 552, 559–575, 584, 615–626, 631, 655
- ~ state 136, 251, 254, 260, 266, 269, 359, 360, 362, 366, 368, 403, 416, 438, 519, 604 ; see also retrospective
- prestige 506, 591, 592
- presupposition(al) 174, 303, 304, 311, 338–340, 345–348
- preterite
22, 24, 27–30, 32–34, 39, 50, 55–57, 60, 62,
63, 66–69, 75–77, 83, 96–99, 105–114, 215–217, 219, 220, 222, 238–241, 282, 302, 378, 384, 395,
402–404, 413,
416, 421, 608
- ~ auxiliary 67, 217, 237–239, 384, 393, 394, 401, 403
- ~ loss 95, 106, 110–115, 117
- ~ participle (pret.p) 216–218, 222–239, 241
- ~ construction 216–218, 225, 230, 231, 233, 235–237, 241
- periphrastic ~ 29, 36
- synthetic ~ 60, 601, 602, 605
- preterito-presents 29, 414 ; see also aorist
- preverb 90, 52, 287, 345, 390, 395, 414, 536
- primary endings 19, 20, 26, 414
- primary sequence 559–561
- proclitic 76see also clitic
- progressive
89, 96, 110, 281, 305,
447, 485, 511
- ~ aspect 26, 52, 74, 79, 86
- ~ form(ation) 80, 89, 96, 115, 294, 299, 487
- present ~ 60, 300, 336
- past ~ 300, 303
Q
- quantifying expression 151, 177, 178, 218
- quantifying perfect72
R
- reanalysis
98, 153, 175, 281, 299,
324, 328, 329,
413, 414, 431,
493
- syntactic ~153
- recency
5, 56, 156
- recent past 27, 54, 55, 58, 59, 74, 75, 96, 101, 132, 272, 333–335, 496, 528, 544, 601, 659
- recent past reading 39, 50, 83, 510, 517, 544, 657, 658
- recent perfect 55, 61
- reconstruction 15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 26, 106, 152, 245, 251, 253, 329, 378, 382, 397, 411, 413, 414
- reduplicated
19, 23, 26, 30, 220,
435
- ~ perfect 25, 378
- ~ perfective27
- non- ~ 21, 220
- unreduplicated 19, 27
- reduplication 2, 18, 19, 22–30, 219, 220, 226, 442, 444, 550
- reference time 73, 85, 96, 98, 100, 105, 106, 116, 129, 131, 134, 146, 172, 174, 215, 230, 238, 240, 241, 247, 248, 254, 255, 257, 261–263, 267, 300, 341–343, 346, 357, 372, 382, 435, 552, 554, 602, 645, 654, 655
- reflexive
155, 354, 394, 512
- ~ -benefactive 129, 138
- register 60, 172, 190, 193, 194, 435, 438, 462, 474, 475, 486–488, 490, 491, 493 ; see also spoken / written language
- Reichenbach
247, 413, 422
- Reichenbachian 311, 346, 372
- neo-Reichenbachian 248, 250 ; see also event / reference / speech / topic / utterance time
- relativesee also clause types, past, tense
- ~ pronoun 239, 515 (particle), 593
- remote pastsee past
- renarrative40
- reportativity 40, 126, 127, 134, 161, 538, 615, 620, 623, 625, 626, 629, 631 ; see also evidentiality
- restatements 615, 616, 625, 631 ; see also elaboration
- result(ative)
- ~ participle 160, 201, 215, 312, 316–319, 327, 579
- ~ perfect 38, 62, 123, 150, 157, 172, 200, 203, 215, 218, 241, 283–285, 288, 292, 296, 305, 370, 509
- ~ reading 147, 163, 254, 260, 262, 265–268, 281, 294, 383, 400, 412, 438, 509, 517, 520, 521
- ~ state 17, 164, 178, 226, 236, 332, 346, 488, 496, 557, 579, 581, 582, 605
- A- ~ 382, 387
- cancelled (annulled) ~ 135, 141, 146, 190, 194
- complex ~ 221, 232
- generalised ~ 369, 375
- non- ~ 7, 12, 17, 200, 203, 370, 382
- possessive ~ 124, 125, 138–140, 184, 368, 369, 375, 606–609
- S- ~ 382, 387
- stative- ~ 17, 18, 27, 35, 246, 253, 386, 400, 404–406
- P-oriented stative construction245
- R-state 439, 440, 449
- target state 195, 351, 357, 364, 365, 369–373, 449
- T-state 439, 440, 449 ; see also antiresultative, postsituation, poststate
- resultativity 2–4, 9, 12, 176, 192, 291, 304, 521, 581
- retrospective
17, 27–29, 36, 40, 96–105, 109, 110, 116, 174
- ~ past / preterite 27, 28, 35, 98–101
- ~ present 17, 31, 35, 96–100, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 116
- rogative67
- roofing 591, 592, 609
- root
- ~ accent22
- ~ alternation51
- ~ aorist 21, 352
- ~ formation 18, 21, 471
- ~ modality152
- ~ noun26
- ~ perfect22
- ~ pluperfect21
- ~ stem 21, 22, 27, 31, 455, 458, 464, 468
- ~ verb91
- labile ~17
- stative ~16
- telic ~17
S
- SAEsee Standard Average European
- scope
61, 128, 144, 218, 265,
267, 340, 519
- semantic ~576
- sentence ~57
- structural ~143
- syntactic ~203
- semantic(s)
- ~ change 218, 232, 267, 456, 474
- ~ classes3see also eventuality, predicate / verb classes
- ~ erosion142
- ~ extension 95, 99, 105, 106, 233, 236, 241
- ~ role 3, 6, 165, 369, 381
- ~ shift 15, 104, 107, 108, 115, 295
- semantics-pragmatics interface558
- sentential complementation89
- simple pastsee past
- situation type 158, 555 ; see also eventuality, postsituation
- small clausesee clause types
- speech act 56, 157, 171, 203, 617, 630
- speech time (tS) 5, 96, 103, 105, 107, 134, 146, 230, 240, 241, 247, 248, 250, 251, 254–256, 258, 333, 334, 336, 339, 340, 342, 343, 346, 364, 372, 374, 400, 509, 510, 516, 517, 526, 527, 530, 534, 537, 540, 616, 655
- spoken language 58, 62, 73, 104, 108, 109, 491, 653
- stage setting 135see also narrative
- standard
- ~ Average European (SAE) 51, 81, 82, 88, 175, 519, 597
- ~ variety 52, 108, 110, 111, 112, 117, 202, 644
- substandard 95, 115, 116 ; see also register
- state
- ~ eventualities 440, 555
- ~ predicates 248, 256, 442, 443, 449, 469, 556, 557, 563, 565–567, 572, 573, 575, 577–579, 581, 582 ; see also patient, poststate, present
- stative passim; see result(ative)
- subject
- ~ orientation 27, 28, 139, 152, 160, 177, 184–186, 201, 203, 368
- ~ properties 8, 354
- genitive ~ 351–353, 374
- intransitive ~ 7, 281, 313, 314, 319, 321, 351, 353, 357, 466
- S- ~ 226, 398
- transitive ~ 7, 8, 226, 227, 228, 229, 281, 230, 313, 317, 319, 322, 351, 352, 357, 367 ; see also agent
- subjective
55, 216, 250, 273, 484
- ~ resultative 124, 129, 139, 154, 155, 182, 184, 185, 188, 202, 369
- subjunctive 19, 30, 35, 37, 127, 137, 220–224, 241, 299, 511, 512, 534–541, 549, 559, 561, 585
- subordinate clausesee clause types
- substrates 162, 202
- suffix
- derivational ~ 5, 396
- nominal ~ 39, 40, 521
- participial ~ 30, 124, 126, 145, 286, 287, 290, 387, 618
- -ant- 36, 377, 387
- -eal 153, 352–355, 373, 374
- *-ka- 32, 281–287, 290, 291, 296, 298, 618
- -l- 35, 40, 149–166, 179, 183–186, 192–194, 199–206, 607, 608
- *-ló- 33, 35, 152, 161, 354, 355
- *-nó- 7, 150, 153, 201
- -n/t- 149–166, 171, 172, 180–188, 201, 204, 607
- -t- 7, 9, 126, 150, 201
- *-tó- 7, 18, 31, 35, 281, 283
- -vši- 149–160, 184–188, 194–204
- *-wos-/-wes-/-us- 24, 31, 33–35, 153, 201, 226
- stem forming ~ 19, 21, 31, 40, 294, 352
- verbal ~ 21, 22, 37, 51, 112, 216, 220, 286, 312–318, 320–325, 329–331, 337, 379, 640
- suffixation51
- suppletion 51, 216, 255, 287, 320, 457, 514
- synthetic
- ~ aorist169
- ~ auxiliary505
- ~ imperfect 169, 193
- ~ impersonal84
- ~ passive83
- ~ past / preterite 32, 60, 77, 112, 156, 601, 602, 605
- ~ (past / future) perfect ch.7, 551, 559, 567, 569, 577, 578, 581, 582, 599, 649
- ~ stem 510, 511, 551
- ~ verbal system 60, 114, 170, 505, 545 ; see also analytic(al), monolectic
T
- telic
- ~ aspect 416, 431
- ~ eventuality 17, 165, 401, 440, 475
- ~ predicates 253, 259, 422, 555, 565
- ~ prefix287
- ~ roots17
- ~ verbs 18, 36, 70, 101, 102, 129, 141, 157, 178, 180, 185, 186, 195, 200, 203, 204, 217, 234, 332, 360, 374, 382, 387, 398, 402–405, 418, 426–429
- ~ readings 414, 419–421, 423, 427
- telicity 96, 217, 386, 412––431, 555
- temporal adverb(ial)see adverb(ial)
- temporal clausesee clause types
- tense
- ~ prominence 615, 616, 624, 631 ; see also aspect prominence
- relative ~ 6, 333, 371, 375, 491, 495, 508, 529, 569
- sequence of tenses 240, 559–562
- tense-aspect-mood(-evidentiality) TAM(E) 52, 76, 78, 224, 380, 510–512, 514, 518, 635–638
- tenseless300
- terminative 351, 357, 358, 364, 365, 374, 382, 411, 416, 417, 566
- time adverb(ial)see adverb(ial)
- time-relational framework 247, 248, 257
- topic (discourse)see discourse topic
- topic time (tt) 63, 230, 237, 238, 293, 435–451, 465, 470, 474, 475, 549, 554, 554, 557, 558, 562–567, 585, 569–585
- transition
- (in grammatical development) 106, 110, 111, 186, 234, 235, 263, 265, 325, 329
- (in event structure) 496, 555–557
- ~ zone 106, 112
- transitive
- ~ auxiliary 36, 125, 138, 392, 393
- ~ clause / predicate 314, 317, 318, 328, 422
- ~ construction329
- ~ participle / verbal adjective 18, 24, 31, 34, 82, 129, 152, 160, 179, 180–185, 228, 229, 287, 377, 386–388, 391, 397–399, 405, 406, 426, 429
- ~ past / preterite 34, 36, 37
- ~ perfect 6, 8, 11, 12, 17, 24, 27, 31–34, 36, 38, 77, 84, 101, 102, 140, 141, 172, 292, 295, 315, 316, 319–323, 330, 331, 352, 357, 365–369, 374, 375, 382, 393, 402, 441, 445, 454, 467–469, 473, 475, 518, 520, 610
- ~ perfective 315, 316, 323, 324, 331, 332
- ~ stem466
- ~ verb 67, 178, 226, 314, 354, 391, 404, 431, 514 ; see also ambitransitive, intransitive, subject
U
- unaccusative 6–10, 36, 246, 313–319, 323, 329–332, 351, 358, 388, 391–394, 398–406, 420, 424, 440, 488, 489, 610 ; see also ergative
- unaccusativity425
- unergative 8–11, 34, 37, 295, 313, 314, 320, 322, 391–393, 397, 399, 402, 404, 406
- univerbation 39, 40, 507, 538, 539, 545
- universal
- ~ perfect 5, 17, 38, 72 (enduring state), 133, 141, 159, 236, 241, 248, 256, 259–268, 336, 370–375, 617, 635, 649, 655, 662
- (linguistic) universals 2, 99, 246, 248, 427 ; see also perfect readings
- utterance time (tu) 33, 45, 178, 295, 435, 465, 549, 551, 554, 562–568, 573, 577–585
V
- valency
126, 160, 381
- valence alternations3see also argument, zero-place verb
- variability
123, 183, 204
- syntagmatic ~ 143, 203
- Vendlerian predicate types555
- Vendlerian activity 422, 425
- Vendlerian state232see also verb / predicate classes
- verb(al)
- ~ adjective (va) 18, 31, 35, 53, 56, 62, 65, 66, 72, 80, 82, 86, 152, 188, 281, 354, 396, 436, 620
- ~ classes 3, 68, 88, 154, 228, 485 ; see also accomplishment, achievement, actional, activity, atelic, telic, state, unaccusative, unergative
- ~ noun (vn) 2, 39, 53, 54, 59–61, 76, 80, 82, 87–90, 299, 373, 594
- ~ system 15, 23, 52, 64, 73, 77, 85, 129, 245, 257, 279, 280, 284, 311, 312, 332, 378, 411–413, 483, 500, 505, 507, 510, 534, 538, 544, 545
- verba dicendi295
- viewpoint
96, 115, 347, 417, 484
- ~ aspect 412–414, 418–421, 430, 554, 557
- voice
3, 7, 77, 82, 201,
226, 380, 388,
413, 420, 484,
512, 549, 551
- ~ -neutral 153, 354
- ~ orientation 123, 152, 154, 160, 354
- active ~ 166, 200, 388, 430, 431, 518, 521
- middle ~ 406, 512
- non-active ~ 512, 518
- passive ~ 3, 324, 431, 521 ; see also diathesis, neo-active
W
- word order 182, 224, 383, 386, 390, 391, 518, 522, 593
- written language 108, 111, 638, 663
Z
- zero anaphors155
- zero-place verb 126, 141, 142
