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In:Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond
Edited by Robert Crellin and Thomas Jügel
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 352] 2020
► pp. 15–48

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Chapter 2
The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems

An overview

 | Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Published online: 23 September 2020
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https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.352.02kum
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the development of perfect forms in the branches of Indo-European. It begins with a discussion of the perfect in Proto-Indo-European and problems with its reconstruction. Special attention is paid to the formal and functional discrepancies between the Common Indo-European perfect and related forms in the Anatolian branch. The paper then traces the continuation of the Proto-Indo-European perfect form and gives an overview of various new constructions which take the place of the original form. It concludes with a short discussion of the semantic shifts which take place in the different Indo-European branches.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The inherited IE perfect
    • 2.1The (Proto-)Indo-European background
      • 2.1.1The function of the perfect and related formations
      • 2.1.2The form of the perfect
        • 2.1.2.1Analysis of the endings
        • 2.1.2.2Stem formation, ablaut and accent
        • 2.1.2.3Perfect and *ha-conjugation in the context of the PIE verbal system
        • 2.1.2.4Examples of reconstructable perfects (all 3sg)
      • 2.1.3Different explanations
    • 2.2The development of the old perfect in IE
      • 2.2.1Oldest period: The perfect as a distinct category
        • a.Indo-Iranian
        • b.Greek
      • 2.2.2Later periods: The perfect as a past tense or lost
        • a.Italic
        • b.Celtic
        • c.Germanic
        • d.Tocharian
        • e.Albanian
        • f.Armenian
        • g.Slavic and Baltic
  • 3.New perfects
    • 3.1Periphrasis with copula only
      • 3.1.1Type 1: pst.p only (→ ‘ergatival’)
        • a.Indo-Iranian
        • b.Armenian
        • c.Tocharian
      • 3.1.2Type 2: ‘Active’ construction vs. pst.p
        • a.Indo-Iranian
        • b.Baltic
        • c.Slavic
        • d.Italic (Pre-Latin)
    • 3.2Periphrasis with ‘be’ + ‘have’
      • a.Anatolian
      • b.Indo-Iranian
      • c.Greek
      • d.Italic
      • e.Celtic
      • f.Germanic
      • g.Baltic
      • h.Slavic
      • i.Albanian
    • 3.3Other developments
  • 4.New functions of the (old or new) perfect
    • 4.1Perfective and/or past
    • 4.2Inferential (evidential)
      • a.Sanskrit
      • b.Iranian
      • c.Baltic
      • d.Bulgarian-Macedonian (Balkan Slavic)
      • e.Albanian
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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Ringe, Donald
2025. The Indo-European Framework. In The New Cambridge History of the English Language, ► pp. 27 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Ronald I.
2024. The Ossetic transitive preterite. Journal of Historical Linguistics DOI logo
Luraghi, Silvia, Guglielmo Inglese & Daniel Kölligan
2021. The passive voice in ancient Indo-European languages: inflection, derivation, periphrastic verb forms. Folia Linguistica 55:s42-s2 ► pp. 339 ff. DOI logo

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