In:Historical Linguistics 2015: Selected papers from the 22nd International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Naples, 27-31 July 2015
Edited by Michela Cennamo and Claudia Fabrizio
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 348] 2019
► pp. 343–384
Chapter 17Parameters in the development of Romance perfective auxiliary selection
Published online: 10 September 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.348.17led
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.348.17led
Abstract
This paper undertakes a synchronic comparison of auxiliary selection across a number of different Romance varieties that show how minimal differences among otherwise highly homogenous ‘systems’ can be used to investigate microvariation along the diachronic axis in order to better understand what precisely may vary and how such variation may be implicationally structured in relation to the predictions of parametric hierarchies. Modelling changes in different auxiliary patterns in terms of parametric hierarchies, I argue that the structural organization of such hierarchies and the predictions they make about markedness relations between different linguistic choices can be profitably used, especially when earlier stages of languages are not documented, to understand the direction of change, what precisely may change, and how such diachronic variation may be implicationally structured.
Keywords: auxiliary selection, parameters, Romance, mood, tense, person, microvariation, features, parameter hierarchies
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Romance auxiliary selection: Mesoparametric variation
- 3.Microparametric variation: Person-driven systems
- 3.1Modal and temporal distinctions
- 3.2Number restrictions
- 3.3Saliency of individual discourse participants
- 3.4Summary
- 4.Microparameric variation: Argument-driven systems
- 4.1Modal and temporal restrictions
- 4.2Person and number restrictions
- 4.3Restrictions on stative subjects (SO)
- 4.4Summary
- 5.Conclusion
Abbreviations Notes References
References (136)
Adams, James. 1976. A typological approach to Latin word order. Indogermanische Forschungen 81. 70–99.
Adams James. 2013. Past participle + habeo. In James Adams, Social variation and the Latin language, 615–651. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alturo Monné, Núria. 1995. La variació d’haver auxiliar en el català nord-occidental. In Maria Teresa Turell Julià (ed.), La sociolingüística de la variació, 221–255. Barcelona: PPU.
Andriani, Luigi. 2017. The syntax of the dialect of Bari. University of Cambridge: unpublished thesis.
Avram, Larisa. 1994. Auxiliary configurations in English and Romanian. Revue roumaine de linguistique 5–6. 493–510.
Avram, Larisa & Virginia Hill. 2007. An irrealis BE auxiliary in Romanian. In Raúl Aranovich (ed.), Split auxiliary systems. A cross-linguistic perspective, 47–64. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
. 2008b. The macroparameter in a microparametric world. In Theresa Biberauer (ed.), The limits of syntactic variation, 351–374. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Bauche, Henri. 1946. Le Langage populaire. Grammaire, syntaxe et dictionnaire du français tel qu’on le parle dans le peuple avec tous les termes d’argot usuel. Paris: Payot.
Benincà, Paola, Mair Parry, Mair & Diego Pescarini. 2016. The dialects of northern Italy. In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 185–205. Oxford: Oxford Univrsity Press.
Bentley, Delia & Thórhallur Eythórsson. 2001. Alternation according to person in Italo-Romance. In Laura Brinton (ed.), Historical linguistics 1999: Selected papers from the 14th international conference on historical linguistics, 63–74. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Benveniste, Émile. 1950. Actif et moyen dans le verbe. Journal de Psychologie 43. 119–127. Reprinted in Benveniste, Émile. 1966. Problèmes de linguistique générale I, 168–175. Paris: Gallimard.
. 1960. “Être” et “avoir” dans leurs fonctions linguistiques. Bulletin de la Société linguistique de Paris 55. 113–134. Reprinted in Benveniste, Émile. 1966. Problèmes de linguistique générale I, 187–207. Paris: Gallimard.
Biberauer, Theresa & Ian Robert. 2017. Conditional inversion and types of parametric change. In Bettelou Los and Pieter de Haan (eds). Verb-second languages: Essays in honour of Ans van Kemenade 55-77. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Biberauer, Theresa, Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan. 2014. No-choice parameters and the limits of syntactic variation, in Robert Santana-LaBarge (ed.), Proceedings of WCCFL 31, 46–55. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Cennamo, Michela. 1999. Inaccusatività tardo-latina e suoi riflessi in testi italiani antichi centro-meridionali. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 115. 300–331.
. 2001. L’inaccusatività in alcune varietà campane: Teorie e dati a confronto. In Albano Leoni et al.. (eds.), Dati empirici e teorie linguistiche. Atti del XXIII congresso internazionale di studi della Società di Linguistica Italiana, 427–453. Rome: Bulzoni.
. 2002. La selezione degli ausiliari perfettivi in napoletano antico: Fenomeno sintattico o sintattico-semantico. Archivio glottologico italiano 87. 175–222.
. 2008. The rise and development of analytic perfects in Italo-Romance. In Þórhallur EyÞórsson (ed.), Grammatical change and linguistic theory: the Rosendal papers, 115–142 Amsterdam: Benjamins.
. 2010. Perfective auxiliaries in the pluperfect in some southern Italian dialects. In Roberta D’Alessandro, Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds), Syntactic variation: The dialects of Italy, 210–224. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cennamo, Michela & Antonella Sorace. 2007. Unaccusativity at the syntax-lexicon interface: Evidence from Paduan. In Raul Aranovich (ed.), Split auxiliary systems. A cross-linguistic perspective, 65–100. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and functional heads. A cross-linguistic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Colasanti, Valentina. 2019. A comparative approach to morphosyntactic microvariation. The dialects of southern Lazio. University of Cambridge: doctoral thesis.
Comrie, Bernard. 1978. Ergativity. In Winfred P. Lehmann (ed.), Syntactic typology. Studies in the phenomenology of language, 329–394. Austin: University of Texas Press.
D’Alessandro, Roberta & Adam Ledgeway. 2010. The Abruzzese T-v system: Feature spreading and the double auxiliary construction. In Roberta D’Alesssandro, Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds.), Syntactic Variation: The Dialects of Italy, 201–209. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
D’Alessandro, Roberta & Ian Roberts. 2010. Past participle agreement in Abruzzese: Split auxiliary selection and the null‐subject parameter. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 28. 41–72.
Descusses, Martine. 1986. Le Patois ardennais de Gespunsart. Paris: Société d’études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.
Dragomirescu, Adina. 2010. Ergativitatea. Tipologie, sintaxă, semantică. Bucharest: Editura Universității din București.
Dragomirescu, Adina & Alexandru Nicolae. 2009. Relics of auxiliary selection in Romanian. Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti Institute of Linguistics, Bucharest and University of Bucharest: unpublished ms.
Folli, Raffaella & Heidi Harley. 2005. Flavours of v. Consuming results in Italian and in English. In Paul Kempchinsky & Roumyana Slabakova (eds), Aspectual inquiries, 95–120. Dordrecht: Springer.
Ganzoni, Gian Paul. 1983. Grammatica ladina: Grammatica sistematica dal rumantsch d’Engiadina Bassa per scolars e creschüts da lingua rumantscha e francesa. Samedan: Lia Romantscha.
van Gelderen, Elly, Michela Cennamo & Johanna Barðdal (eds). 2013. Argument structure in flux. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Giancarli, Pierre-Don. 2011. Les auxiliaires être et avoir: Étude comparée corse, français, acadien et anglais. Rennes: Presses Université de Rennes.
. 1983. Warlpiri and the grammar of non-configurational languages. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 1. 5–47.
Harley, Heidi & Elizabeth Ritter. 2002. A feature-geometric analysis of person and number. Language 78. 482–526.
Heap, David & Michèle Oliviéri. 2013. On the emergence of nominative clitics in Romance dialects. Presentation at the workshop European Dialect Syntax VII, University of Constance, 13–15 juin 2013.
Hendschel, Lorint. 2012. Li Croejhete walone: Contribution à une grammaire de la langue wallonne. [URL]
Iannace, Gaetano. 1983. Interferenza linguistica ai confini fra Stato e Regno. Il dialetto di San Leucio del Sannio. Ravenna: Longo.
Iatridou, Sabine. 2000. The grammatical ingredients to counterfactuality. Linguistic Inquiry 31. 231–270.
. 1996. Microparametric syntax. Some introductory remarks. In James Black & Virginia Montapanyane (eds.), Microparametric syntax and dialectal variation, ix–xviii Amsterdam: Benjamins.
. 2005b. Some notes on comparative syntax, with special reference to English and French. In Guglielmo Cinque & Richard Kayne (eds.), Handbook of comparative syntax, 3–69. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
King, Ruth & Terry Nadasdi. 2005. Deux auxiliaires qui voulaient mourir en français acadien. In Patrice Brasseur & Anika Falkert (eds.), Français d’Amérique: Approches morphosyntaxiques, 103–111. Paris: L’Harmattan.
La Fauci, Nunzio. 1988. Oggetti e soggetti nella formazione della morfosintassi romanza. Pisa: Giardini.
. 1997. Per una teoria grammaticale del mutamento morfosintattico. Dal latino verso il romanzo. Pisa: ETS.
Ledgeway, Adam. 2003. L’estensione dell’ausiliare perfettivo avere nell’antico napoletano: Intransitività scissa condizionata da fattori modali. Archivio glottologico italiano 88. 27–71.
. 2011. Syntactic and morphosyntactic typology and change in Latin and Romance. In Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith & Adam Ledgeway (eds.), The Cambridge history of the Romance languages, 382–471, 724–734. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2012a. From Latin to Romance. Morphosyntactic typology and change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2012b. From Latin to Romance: The rise of configurationality, functional categories and head-marking. In Johanna Barδdal, Michela Cennamo & Elly van Gelderen (eds.), Variation and change in argument realisation. Oxford: Blackwell. Special Issue of the Transactions of the Philological Society 110. 422–442.
. 2013. Greek disguised as Romance? The case of southern Italy. In Mark Janse, Brian D. Joseph, Angela Ralli & Metin Bagriacik (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Greek dialects and linguistic theory, 184–228. Laboratory of Modern Greek Dialects, University of Patras. <[URL]>.
. 2014a. Romance auxiliary selection in light of Romanian evidence. In Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, Rodica Zafiu, Adina Dragomirescu, Irina Nicula & Alexandru Nicolae (eds.), Diachronic variation in Romanian, 3–35. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
. 2014b. Parametrului poziţiei centrului şi efectele sale pragmatice în trecerea de la latină la limbile romance. In Rodica Zafiu, Adina Dragomirescu & Alexandru Nicolae (eds.), Diacronie și sincronie în studiul limbii române, 11–26. Bucharest: Editura Universității din București.
. 2015. Parallels in Romance nominal and clausal microvariation. Revue roumaine de linguistique LX. 105–127.
. 2016a. Functional categories. In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 761–771. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2016b. Grammatiche diacroniche e teoria linguistica. In Marina Benedetti, Carla Bruno & Liana Tronci (eds), Grammatiche e Grammatici. Teorie, Testi e Contesti. Atti del XXXIX Convegno Annuale della Società Italiana di Glottologia, 39–51 (Università per Stranieri di Siena 23–25 ottobre 2014). Rome: Il Calamo.
. 2017a. Syntheticity and analyticity. In Andreas Dufter & Elisabeth Stark (eds.), Manual of Romance morphosyntax and syntax, 837–884. Berlin: De Gruyter.
. 2017b. Parameters in Romance adverb agreement. In Martin Hummel & Salvador Valera (eds.), Adjective–adverb interfaces in Romance. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
. 2018. On the decline of edge-fronting from Latin to Romance. In Adriana Cardosa & Ana Maria Martins (eds.), Word order change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. In press a. From Latin to Romance syntax: The great leap. In Paola Crisma & Giuseppe Longobardi (eds.), The Oxford handbook of diachronic and historical linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. In press b. Rethinking microvariation in Romance demonstrative systems. In András Bárány, Theresa Biberauer & Sten Vikner (eds), Festschrift (Open Generative Syntax Series). Language Science Press.
Ledgeway, Adam & Ian Roberts. 2017. Principles and parameters. In Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of historical syntax, 581–628. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Legendre, Géraldine. 2010. A formal typology of person-based auxiliary selection in Italo-Romance. In Roberta D’Alesssandro, Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds.), Syntactic variation: The dialects of Italy, 186–200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Charles & Sandra Thompson. 1976. Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Charles Li (ed.), Subject and topic, 457–489. New York: Academic Press.
Loporcaro, Michele. 1998. Sintassi comparata dell’accordo participiale romanzo. Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier.
. 1999. L’ausiliazione perfettiva nelle parlate di Zagarolo e di Colonna e lo studio della sintassi dei dialetti median. Contributi di filologia dell’Italia mediana 13. 203–226.
. 2016. Auxiliary selection and participial agreement. In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 802–818. Oxford: Oxford Univrsity Press.
Maiden, Martin. 2011. Morphophonological innovation. In Martin Maiden, John Charles Smith & Adam Ledgeway (eds.), The Cambridge history of the Romance languages. Volume 1: Structures, 216–267, 706–613. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maiden Martin. 2016. Morphomes. In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 708–721. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maiden, Martin & Cecilia Robustelli. 2007. A reference grammar of modern Italian. London: Hodder Arnold.
Manente, Mara. 2008. L’aspect, les auxiliaires “être” et “avoir” et l’hypothèse inaccusative dans une perspective comparative français/italien. Universities of Venice and Paris VIII: Doctoral thesis.
Manzini, Maria Rita & Leonardo Savoia. 2005. I dialetti italiani e romanci. Morfosintassi generativa (3 vols). Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso.
Marouzeau, Jules. 1949. L’ordre des mots dans la phrase latine. III. Les articulations de l’énoncé. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Migliori, Laura. 2016. Argument structure, alignment and auxiliaries between Latin and Romance. A diachronic syntactic account. Utrecth: LOT.
Nevaci, Manuela & Aida Todi. 2009. The grammaticalization of perfect auxiliaries in Romanian. Historical and dialectal aspects. Revue roumaine de linguistique 54. 137–150.
Nordahl, Helge. 1977. Assez avez alé: estre et avoir comme auxiliaires du verbe aler en ancient français. Revue romane 12. 54–67.
Oliviéri, Michèle. 2011. Typology or reconstruction: The benefits of dialectology for diachronic analysis. In Janine Berns, Heike Jacobs & Tobias Scheer (eds.), Romance languages and linguistic theory 2009. Selected papers from ‘Going Romance’ Nice 2009, 239–253. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Oliviéri, Michèle Patrick Sauzet. 2016, Southern Gallo-Romance (Occitan). In Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 319–349. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela. 2013. The participle. In Gabriela Pană Dindelegan (ed.), The grammar of Romanian, 222––232. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Powell, Jonathan. 2010. Hyperbaton and register in Cicero. In Eleanor Dickey & Anna Chahoud (eds.), Colloquial and literary Latin, 163–185. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ramchand, Gillian. 2008. Verb meaning and the lexicon. A first-phase syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rea, Béatrice. 2014. Aspects of pronoun and auxiliary morphology in French, with particular reference to spoken Montréal French. University of Oxford: MPhil thesis.
Ritter, Elizabeth & Martina Wiltschko. 2014. The composition of INFL. An exploration of tense, tenseless languages, and tenseless constructions. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 32. 1331–1386.
Roberts, Ian. 2010. The pronominal domain: DP-NP structure, clitics and null subjects. In Roberta D’Alessandro, Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds.), Syntactic variation: The dialects of Italy, 3–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2012. Macroparameters and minimalism. A programme for comparative research. In Charlotte Galves, Sonia Cyrino, Ruth Lopez & Juanito Avelar (eds.), Parameter theory and linguistic change, 320–354. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2013. Some speculations on the development of the Romance periphrastic perfect. Revue roumaine de linguistique 58. 3–30.
Roberts, Ian & Anders Holmberg. 2010. Introduction: Parameters in minimalist theory. In Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts & Michelle Sheehan (eds.), Parametric variation. Null subjects in minimalist theory, 1–57. Cambridge: Cambridge Univerity Press.
Sankoff, Gillian & Pierrette Thibault. 1977. L’alternance entre les auxiliaires avoir et être en français parlé à Montréal. Langue française 34. 84–108.
Sorace, Antonella. 2000. Gradients in auxiliary selection with intransitive verbs. Language 76. 859–890.
. 2004. Gradience at the lexicon-syntax interface: Evidence from auxiliary selection. In Artemis Alexiadou, Martin Everaert & Elena Anagnostopoulou (eds), The unaccusativity puzzle, 243–268. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2011. Gradience in split intransitivity: The end of the Unaccusative Hypothesis? Archivio glottologico italiano 96. 67–86.
Stolova, Natalya. 2006. Split intransitivity in old Spanish: Irrealis and negation factors. Revue roumaine de linguistique 2. 301–320.
Tuttle, Edward. 1986. The spread of esse as universal auxiliary in central Italo-Romance. Medioevo romanzo 11. 229–287.
Vasseur, Gaston. 1996. Grammaire des parlers picards du Vimeu (Somme) avec considération spéciale du dialecte de Nibas. Abbeville: F. Paillart.
Verratti, Vittore. 1998. Fonologia e morfologia del volgare abruzzese. Con rimario-glossario. Lanciano: Itinerari.
Vikner, Sten. 1985. Reichenbach revisited: One, two, or three temporal relations. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 19. 81–98.
Vincent, Nigel. 1982. The development of the auxiliaries habere and esse in Romance. In Nigel Vincent & Martin Harris (eds.), Studies in the Romance verb. Essays offered to Joe Cremona on the occasion of his 60th birthday, 71–96. London: Croom Helm.
. 1988. Latin. In Martin Harris & Nigel Vincent (eds.), The Romance languages, 26–78. London: Routledge.
. 1997. The emergence of the D-system in Romance. In Ans van Kemenade & Nigel Vincent (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change, 149–169. Cambridge: Cambridge Universiy Press.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Amato, Irene
Cennamo, Michela
Ledgeway, Adam
2018. Phonological correlates of syntactic structure. In Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 252], ► pp. 283 ff.
Ledgeway, Adam
2021. The syntactic distribution of raddoppiamento fonosinttatico in Cosentino. In Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2017 [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 355], ► pp. 205 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 6 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
