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In:Perspectives on Language Structure and Language Change: Studies in honor of Henning Andersen
Edited by Lars Heltoft, Iván Igartua, Brian D. Joseph, Kirsten Jeppesen Kragh and Lene Schøsler
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 345] 2019
► pp. 411–419

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Index

Published online: 18 June 2019
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.345.index

A

  • Abduction 2–3, 6, 9, 13–14, 15–16, 19–20, 21–24, 28, 35, 37, 38, 42–43, 45, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57–58, 60, 62–66, 68–69, 181
  • Abductive53, 62–64, 66, 68–69
  • Abductive change9, 13, 62
  • Abductive innovation6, 28, 235, 241, 243–244, 246–247
  • Abductive-deductive35, 51, 73
  • Abruptness doctrine25
  • Absorption6, 165, 295–296, 298, 306
  • Accent 182–184, 186–187, 189–191, 328–342, 366–374, 377–379, 399
  • Accent loss 371–374
  • Accent retraction369, 378–379
  • Accentual rhythm340
  • Actionality7, 345–346, 348, 355
  • Actualization 1–2, 6, 10, 119, 190, 227, 229, 253, 260, 263–266, 269, 271, 292, 307, 309, 346, 354–355, 395–396, 408
  • Adaptive change2, 13–16, 19, 22, 26–29, 31
  • Adaptive rules 20–22, 32, 67, 244
  • Additional accent 337–339, 341–342
  • Adjectival160, 196–197, 219, 247, 249
  • Adjective 84–85, 106, 154, 159, 175, 213, 215, 221–223, 226, 311
  • Adjectives, long-forms and short-forms of 316–321
  • Adjectives, strong and weak declension of312, 314–16, 322
  • Agentive adjunct196
  • Agreement7, 67, 85, 89–90, 134, 227, 301, 315–316, 345, 353, 382
  • Aktionsart7, 233, 235–236, 238–247, 249–250, 345–346, 348, 409
  • Albanian83, 104, 317
  • Alignment6, 146–147, 230, 295–296, 299–300, 307
  • Alyawarr 302–304
  • Amadiya83, 88
  • Northeastern Neo-Aramaic83, 88, 94
  • Ambal93
  • Ambiguity 4–5, 24, 81, 83, 86, 97, 100–103, 105–106, 181, 187–188, 190, 224, 237, 243, 263, 273, 298
  • Analogical 96–97, 102, 194, 298, 369–370, 373–374, 393
  • Analogization194
  • Analogy3, 17, 19, 30, 49, 81, 94, 96, 99–100, 111, 137, 194, 305, 373–374
  • Analytic Perfect5, 193, 195, 202–203, 254
  • Animacy84
  • Anticausative 181–190, 220, 226
  • Antipassive295, 299–301
  • Aorist6, 9, 188, 195, 199, 253–254, 261, 265–266, 397–408
  • Arabic 108–111, 117, 120, 199, 203
  • Arandic6, 295, 302–304, 306, 308
  • Archaic286, 338, 368
  • Armenian186, 375
  • Articulatory difficulty108, 110, 118
  • Aspectsee also imperfective aspect, perfective aspect 5–7, 85, 87, 193–197, 199–201, 206–208, 220, 234, 236, 271, 274, 295, 300, 302–303, 307, 346, 348–350, 363, 395–399, 402–407
  • Aspectual triad195
  • Associated motion7, 10, 295–296, 302–309
  • Associative48, 84
  • Athabaskan 108–109, 112, 120
  • Autonomous morphology 125–127, 129–130, 147
  • Autopoiesis63, 72, 77
  • Auxiliarization5, 7, 205–207, 219–220, 226, 295, 303
  • Auxiliary5, 197, 200–202, 205–211, 214, 218–219, 223–227, 235–236, 253–254, 258, 262, 296, 302–305, 307, 349, 354, 398, 403–405

B

  • Background37, 39, 43, 45–47, 50–52, 59, 73, 130, 145, 152, 161–164, 174, 254, 261–262, 370, 396
  • Balkan Slavic30, 327–328, 339–340, 342–343, 393
  • Balkan Slavic dialectology 327–328
  • Balkan Sprachbund31, 317
  • Balkanisms339
  • Baltic8, 258, 311, 316–319, 321–322, 354–355, 359–364, 366–378, 380
  • Baltic problem363
  • Balto-Fennic372
  • Balto-Slavic problem8, 359–360, 362–363, 366–367
  • Barytonesis369
  • Base7, 14, 79, 147, 165, 247, 345, 347–348, 351–354
  • Belorussian319
  • Bicasual95
  • Bilingualism16
  • Biology13, 71, 76–77
  • Bleaching 159–160, 206, 241, 277, 279
  • Borrowing3, 16–17, 22, 27, 30, 111, 249, 365, 395–396
  • Boundary loss296, 306
  • Bulgarian7, 104, 201, 253, 317, 319–320, 327, 329, 331–334, 339–344, 347, 376, 382, 389, 393
  • Bulgarian dialectology327, 329, 343–344

C

  • Calque135, 140, 142
  • Canonical103, 134, 212, 223, 308, 346, 351, 355
  • Case8, 30, 91, 93, 95–98, 100–101, 133, 156–157, 209, 223, 234, 236, 268, 297–301, 306, 319, 369, 381–389, 391–392
  • Categorial reinterpretation6, 233, 235, 243–247, 249
  • Category 6–9, 10, 21, 24, 25, 36, 43, 82, 85, 87, 98, 100, 102, 111, 116, 118, 144–145, 159–160, 168, 186, 193–194, 195–196, 203, 207, 210, 219, 225, 234, 236–238, 262, 268, 271, 295–296, 303, 305–308, 315, 320, 331, 333, 340, 345–346, 350, 353–354, 381, 383, 392, 395, 397, 404
  • Category (in Peirce’s philosophy)36, 43, 53
  • Changesee also grammatical change, language change, sound change 1–9, 10, 13–17, 19–31, 33, 35, 43–45, 51, 53, 56, 59, 62–63, 66, 71–73, 81, 96–98, 100–102, 132, 139, 144, 146–147, 151–152, 159–160, 181, 186–187, 189, 194–195, 205–207, 211, 213, 220–223, 224, 226–227, 233, 235, 237, 239–241, 243, 254, 256, 259–261, 263, 265–266, 271, 273–274, 295–302, 306–7, 312, 327–328, 337, 339, 346, 353–354, 359, 364, 365–367, 369, 371–372, 390–391, 395–396, 398, 406–407
    • change from above18, 22, 26, 28–29
    • change from below18, 26, 28–29
  • Chomsky17, 25, 75–76, 129
  • Chronology187, 190, 258, 262, 407
  • Church Slavic341, 398
  • Cleft construction272, 278–280, 283–284, 294
  • Cline (of grammaticalization)2, 193, 207–208, 211, 313–314
  • Clitic7, 169, 194–196, 201, 207, 235, 246–247, 327, 330, 337, 339, 341
  • Clitic sequences337
  • Cliticization206, 316, 320–321
  • Cliticized313, 317
  • Clitics 168–169, 194–196, 244, 298, 329–330, 339, 341–342, 397
  • Closed paradigm143, 163, 174
  • Cockney 108–109, 111
  • Code3, 21, 36, 40, 42–43, 45–46, 51, 54, 56–60, 66–67, 69–70, 73
  • Codification45
  • Cognitive16, 19, 33, 37, 40, 45, 47, 49, 52, 59, 65, 71, 75–77, 102, 148, 230, 309, 393, 408
  • Colexification 348–349, 354
  • Commind 39–41, 47–50, 58, 60–61
  • Co-referential40, 56, 59, 260–261
  • Common Slavic98, 194, 354, 370, 374, 382, 397–399
  • Communication3, 22, 36–38, 40–41, 43–45, 48, 50–52, 54, 56–60, 62, 65, 68, 71–73, 102, 126, 131, 146, 274, 276, 279–280, 282–283, 286, 289–290, 354, 382
  • Communicative competence39, 44, 55, 60, 67
  • Communion3, 35–36, 42–44, 46, 51–59, 68–70, 73
  • Competence17, 21, 25, 35–36, 39–40, 44, 49, 52, 55–56, 58, 60, 63–71, 395
  • Complex paradigm165, 275
  • Complex predicate5, 149, 205, 208, 210, 213, 215–217, 224–226, 233–238, 241–243, 250
  • Component models126
  • Compositionality 125–126, 128, 135, 140–142, 346
  • Compromise systems340
  • Conative56, 59, 383–384
  • Confirmation43, 45–46, 53–54, 58, 67, 70, 73
  • Conjectural mood198
  • Connected275, 277, 281, 292
  • Connected paradigms275, 281
  • Connecting292
  • Connective inversion164, 172
  • Consciousness 37–40, 42–43, 45–48, 64
  • Construction 5–6, 19, 84, 152, 156–157, 158, 159, 187, 193, 195–196, 200, 201, 205–207, 208–209, 211, 212–213, 215, 216–218, 221–226, 227, 233–240, 241, 243–246, 250, 255, 258, 262, 265, 271–275, 276–292, 295–296, 299, 300–306, 307, 313, 317–318, 382, 391, 395
  • Construction grammar273, 276
  • Constructional87, 143, 152, 156–157, 159, 275, 292, 321
  • Constructional case152, 156–157
  • Constructional paradigms157, 275
  • Constructionalization13, 294
  • Contact (language contact)4, 9, 15–17, 21, 27–28, 30, 107, 112, 115–116, 255, 318, 321–322, 339, 365–366, 372–374, 384, 390–392, 396, 407
  • Contact (communionsee also communion)36, 42–46, 51–52, 56–57, 59, 68–69, 73
  • Contact-induced change112, 365
  • Contact-induced shared innovation365
  • Content(see also meaning)4, 83, 125, 128–134, 139–147, 154, 156–157, 160, 163, 166, 172–173, 175, 194, 206, 248–249, 263, 273–275, 277, 281, 284–285, 287–289, 292, 299, 384, 398
  • Continuous aspect 302–303
  • Contract40, 67
  • Control42, 52, 54, 183, 186–187, 189–190, 206, 212, 217, 223, 265
  • Convention 35–36, 42–43, 55, 62–63, 68, 71, 73
  • Conventionalization3, 35–36, 43, 51, 53, 57, 67–68, 73
  • Copala Trique87
  • Copula auxiliarization220
  • Copula expansion226
  • Coseriu, Eugenio43, 46, 53, 62, 69–70, 72
  • Cultural transmission51, 53, 66
  • Cybersemiotics35
  • Czech15, 20, 31, 97, 101, 198, 201, 254, 319, 385–386

D

  • Dagaare87, 89
  • Damaskini341
  • Danish(4, 125–126, 130, 132, 135–136, 138–141, 145–146, 152, 155, 157–158, 160–161, 163–165, 167, 169–170, 172, 211, 313, 315
  • Danish functionalism130, 275, 278
  • Debuccalization107
  • Decategorialization5, 205–207
  • Declarative (in grammar)85, 102, 132, 166–167, 172–173, 285
  • Declarative (in Peircean semiotics) 35–36, 40, 42, 49, 58, 62–63, 71, 73
  • Deduction3, 13–14, 28, 35, 37, 43, 45, 51, 59–66, 68, 73
  • Deductive change 2–3, 9, 13–14, 66
  • Deductive innovation67, 241
  • Defectivity351
  • Definite article82, 87, 311–314, 316–318, 320, 322, 330, 340
  • Definiteness7, 299, 311–322
  • Degrammaticalization 198–199, 201
  • Degrammation2, 194, 198, 201, 398
  • Deictic concord279, 283–284, 287–289, 291–292
  • Deictic content292
  • Deictic context274
  • Deictic relative6, 271, 274, 276, 286–289
  • Deixis238, 271, 276, 279–281, 283–285, 287–289, 291–292
  • Demorphologization10, 147, 175, 194, 203
  • Demotivation145
  • Deontology40, 43, 46, 49, 53–56, 63, 67, 69
  • Depalatalization15
  • Deponency93
  • Derivation 7–8, 235, 345, 349, 351–352, 381–383, 401
  • Derivational82, 193, 301, 345–351, 353–354, 381, 383, 398
  • Desemanticization5, 205–207
  • Dholuo87, 91–92, 94
  • Diachronic 2–5, 7–9, 14, 22, 25, 35, 44, 56–57, 62, 65, 70, 81, 83, 94–95, 100–101, 125–126, 132, 139–140, 146, 205, 233, 239–240, 245–246, 248, 250, 272, 281, 295–296, 306–307, 327–328, 332, 351, 389
  • Diagram152, 157, 159–161, 163–165, 174–175
  • Diagrammatic46, 152, 159, 161, 174, 177
  • Dialect Atlas, Bulgarian329
  • Dialect atlases331, 336
  • Dialect continuum362, 370, 374
  • Dialect maps328
  • Dialectology 21–22, 28, 327–329
  • Dialogical semiosis37, 42–43, 48–50, 52, 59
  • Diatopy7, 327, 342
  • Dichotomy2, 13–16, 18, 20–21, 25–27, 30
  • Diphthongization 9–10, 14, 31
  • Directionality of change327
  • Directionality of reanalysis182
  • Domain (of paradigm) 143–144, 172, 275, 281, 290–291
  • Domain (of category)195, 205–206, 223, 407
  • Domain (of accent)330, 342
  • Double accent 328–340, 342
  • Dual81, 86, 88–89, 92–95, 98–100, 363, 373, 390
  • Dutch117, 314, 322
  • Dynamis 55–57, 69, 72

E

  • Early Middle Danish4, 125–126, 135, 137, 141–142
  • Economical97, 100, 103, 374
  • Economy81, 83, 100–103, 297
  • Efficiency76, 101, 104
  • Enclitic299, 302–305, 318, 320, 333, 342, 372
  • Endogenous26, 29
  • Energeia 36–37, 53, 72, 75–76
  • English4, 7, 30, 101, 108–113, 117, 125–126, 130, 135, 140–141, 149, 151–152, 159, 160, 170, 200, 256, 272, 297, 313–314, 345–354, 384, 388
  • Entelechy53, 55–57, 68–69
  • Ergative6, 195–196, 227, 295–301, 306
    • split ergative construction195
  • Ergon 55–57, 69, 75
  • Erosion206
  • Estonian87, 91, 94
  • Event structure220, 225, 345–346, 349, 353–364
  • Evolution3, 6, 9, 28, 35–36, 46, 49–53, 57, 62, 70, 72–73, 83, 94, 96, 112, 193, 353
  • Evolution of human language3, 35, 76
  • Evolutive change2, 13, 15–16, 19, 21–22, 24, 26, 28, 31
  • Exchange rule92
  • Exogenous26, 29
  • Expansion138, 220–221, 226, 277, 350, 405
  • Explanation43, 53, 55, 65–66, 89, 99–100, 107–108, 116, 118, 140, 186, 211, 240, 245, 249, 298, 399
  • Expression(see also form)4, 6, 27, 37–40, 56, 58, 60, 87, 98, 125, 128–136, 139–142, 144–148, 152, 154–155, 160–161, 163, 166–167, 172, 174, 194–195, 215, 223, 248–249, 255–256, 258, 261–263, 273, 275, 385
  • Expression changes194
  • Expressive 49–50, 56, 59, 69
  • Extension96, 135, 141, 154, 194, 220, 260–261, 264–265, 298, 340–341, 386, 395, 399, 406–407
  • External causation3
  • Extraction278, 286

F

  • Faroese 313–315
  • Field recordings329
  • Final *-V̆N(C) retraction370
  • Finiteness253, 260, 263–265
  • Focalisation identificatrice290
  • Focalization6, 271–272, 275–279, 281, 284–285, 287, 290–292
  • Focalization construction 276–279, 281, 284, 288
  • Focus2, 14–17, 29, 31, 56–59, 63, 67–69, 161–164, 174, 275–276, 278, 280, 283, 285–291, 402
  • Focus construction276, 288–289
  • Focus operator161, 163
  • Form(see also expression) 3–8, 24, 27, 48, 54–55, 62, 64, 81–83, 85–87, 89, 93–96, 98–100, 102, 125, 128, 130, 134, 138–139, 141, 154, 166, 182–183, 186, 193, 195–202, 209, 211–213, 215, 217, 221, 223–224, 235, 237, 241, 247–249, 253, 256–260, 263–266, 268, 271, 273, 277, 280–281, 283–289, 291, 297–306, 314, 316–317, 319–320, 345, 349, 351–353, 371–374, 381–382, 385–389, 391–392, 404
  • Form class213
  • Foyer simple290
  • Foyer spécialisé290
  • Frame (context) 331–336, 339, 342
  • Frame (semantic)157, 167, 172, 275, 281, 290–291
  • Freising fragments8, 395, 398–399, 401–403, 406
  • French6, 101, 110, 112, 117, 131, 142, 152, 200, 211, 271–272, 275–276, 278, 284–286, 291, 347, 405
  • French (Québec)117
  • French verb of perception6, 271
  • Frequency7, 100, 103, 113, 115–116, 242, 277, 281, 316, 327, 333–334, 336, 338–339, 342
  • Frisian135, 314, 322
  • Full reversal98
  • Functional language71
  • Future participle201

G

  • Genealogically shared innovations 365–366, 374
  • Generative grammar126, 129, 168
  • Generative phonology 24–25
  • Genotype 52–53, 71–72
  • Germanic7, 109, 135–137, 142, 152, 164, 167–168, 174, 255, 311–318, 320–322, 348, 367, 399
  • Gerundial perfect253, 256, 268
  • Gerundive201, 214
  • Gothic312, 318, 321
  • Grammar 1–2, 6, 21, 24, 29, 45, 51–52, 55, 62–63, 65, 67–71, 73, 93, 100, 126–127, 129–130, 134, 143, 151–152, 160–161, 168, 170, 174, 181–182, 240–241, 243–244, 262–263, 271–273, 276–277, 333, 354, 361, 389, 399
  • Grammatical change229, 271, 296, 302, 353
  • Grammatical indexing194
  • Grammaticalization2, 4–6, 19–20, 151, 193–194, 196, 199–200, 202, 205–208, 211, 219, 224–227, 241, 243, 271–273, 277, 289, 313
  • Grammaticalized6, 55, 196, 200–202, 271–272, 274, 276, 27
  • Grammaticalized focalization281, 290–292
  • Grammation2, 9, 273–274, 276, 279, 313–314, 318, 320, 398, 406–407
  • Greek (classical)109, 142, 156–158, 368, 372
  • Greek (modern)5, 193, 198, 201, 339–340, 372

H

  • Hebrew 84–85
  • Heir apparent principle306
  • Hirt’s Law367
  • Historical language58, 71–72
  • Historical relation189
  • Holistic constructions286
  • Holistic vision274, 289
  • Human Linguistic Faculty65
  • Hungarian 347–348, 372
  • Hypercorrection116
  • Hypothesis3, 43, 45–46, 51, 55, 60, 62–64, 67, 73

I

  • Icelandic 313–315, 321
  • Iconic1, 4, 38, 46, 49, 65, 134, 143, 151–152, 157, 159
  • Iconic meaning1, 4, 151–152
  • Iconicity1, 49, 87, 153, 297
  • Identification118, 168, 276, 280–281, 288–292, 315, 383
  • Illocutionary 49–50, 60–61, 69–70, 172
  • Illocutionary potential172
  • Imperfect 5–6, 9, 193, 195, 199–200, 214, 227, 253–254, 284, 300, 334, 397–402, 404–407
  • Imperfective aspect7, 200, 295, 303, 396–397, 402, 407
  • Implementation rules244
  • Indefinite article 311–312, 314, 316–317
  • Indefiniteness83, 311, 314, 316, 322
  • Index62, 71, 127, 140, 143–145, 153–155, 167, 333
  • Indexical4, 38, 41, 49, 65, 125–126, 134, 143–147, 151–156, 158, 164, 166–167, 172, 174
  • Indexical meaning134, 143, 147, 151
  • Indexical relation144, 156, 172
  • Indexicality 1–2, 125, 134, 143–144, 146–147, 152–156, 163
  • Indo-European8, 81, 98, 109, 156, 186, 189, 268, 312, 320, 347, 349, 359–364, 367–369, 371, 373, 397–398
  • Indo-European family tree363, 379
  • Indo-Iranian186, 349
  • Indonesian101
  • Induction3, 13–14, 35–37, 43, 45, 51, 53, 58, 60–63, 65–68, 73
  • Inductive14, 53–54, 57–58, 63, 70–71
  • Inferential subsystem198
  • Inflection4, 87, 89–90, 102, 125–126, 128, 130, 133–134, 136–140, 144–147, 188–189, 198, 234, 275, 301–302, 312–313, 315, 321, 348–349
  • Inflectional3, 7, 81–83, 85–87, 91, 93–97, 99–102, 127, 138–140, 144–146, 154, 193–194, 272, 275, 295–296, 299, 302–303, 305, 313, 315, 346–347, 366, 387, 398
  • Inflectional canon 86–87
  • Inflectional languages194
  • Inflectional paradigm96, 139–140, 144, 272, 299
  • Information structure152, 161, 164
  • Innate Release Response Mechanism64
  • Innocent misperception108, 118
  • Innovation3, 6–7, 9, 19, 21, 28–29, 36, 67, 93, 95, 97–99, 114, 132, 137–138, 140, 235–236, 241, 243–244, 246, 263, 320, 341, 353–354, 359–360, 364–370, 372–374, 395
  • Innovative181, 194, 197, 203, 244, 327–328, 338, 387
  • Innovative reanalysis181
  • Internal causation3, 30, 38
  • Internal syntax273
  • Interpretant 39–43, 48–49, 57–61, 66, 70
    • semiosis37, 39–43, 46–52, 56–57, 59, 61, 69
    • communicative42, 48
    • cominterpretant 40–41, 48, 50, 56, 58, 60–61
    • effectual35, 39–41, 48, 58, 60–61
    • intentional 38–41, 49, 57–61, 70
  • Interpretation5, 8, 35, 38, 53, 56, 60–61, 64
  • Intonation332, 367
  • Intonational cues330
  • Introflectional languages194
  • Inverse marking3, 81, 83, 87, 94–98
  • Inverse suffix89
  • Involitionality212, 217–218, 221, 223, 225–226
  • Irrealis/past conditional198
  • Isogloss7, 327–328, 331–333, 335, 337–339, 342
  • Isogloss maps328
  • Isomorphism4, 125–126, 128, 131–133, 145–147
  • Isomorphy159
  • Italian 108–109, 111, 127, 134, 207–211, 214–215, 218–219, 223, 226, 228, 230–231, 272

J

  • Jabugay306
  • Jakobson42, 59, 163, 372, 382, 396
  • Japanese 5–6, 22–23, 110, 117, 233–250

K

  • Karelian 371–372
  • Kaytetye299, 302–306, 308
  • Key Stimuli64, 68
  • Kham 85–86, 88, 102, 106
  • Kiowa 87–89, 91, 94, 104, 106
  • Korean246, 248–251
  • Koryak93, 106

L

  • L-perfect253
  • Labrador Inuttut 87–89, 91, 94, 100
  • Language acquisition3, 21–22, 28, 36, 46, 53–56, 59, 63–66, 68–71, 73, 108, 110–111, 181, 382
  • Language Acquisition Device53, 55–56, 64, 66, 68
  • Language change 1–2, 7, 9, 13–14, 16–23, 25–34, 43–44, 71, 74, 76, 78, 132, 147, 176, 181, 233, 235, 241, 259, 271, 293, 327, 337, 346, 355, 391
  • Language contact4, 9, 15–16, 30, 107, 255
  • Language gaming3, 35–37, 39, 42–46, 49–57, 59–60, 65, 68–73
  • Language Interpretation Device53, 56, 64
  • Languaging3, 35–39, 41–43, 45–52, 55, 63, 65, 72–73
  • Latin5, 85, 92–97, 109, 133, 137, 152–153, 156, 201, 205–208, 211–215, 219–227, 312, 397, 405
  • Latin (late)5, 95–97, 205–207, 211–212, 214, 220–221, 223–227, 230
  • Latvian316, 372, 374
  • Lexical blends133
  • Lexical semantics272, 352
  • Lexical unit6, 271
  • Lexicalisation 139–140, 142
  • Lexically15, 92, 273, 334
  • Lexico-grammatical competence40, 55
  • Lexicostatistics365
  • Light verb5, 205–207, 209–219, 221, 223–227
  • Linguistic change1, 4, 10, 14–15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 72, 74–75, 78, 119, 181, 190, 229, 269, 292, 307, 359, 366
  • Linguistic geography342
  • Lithuanian258, 316–318, 368, 371, 374
  • Local markedness89, 103
  • Locutionary 60–61, 69–70
  • Logical inference35, 73
  • Laryngeals107, 367, 371, 373
  • Loudness332
  • Lower Sorbian98
  • LuoSee see Dholuo

M

  • Macedonian201, 253, 317, 319–320, 340, 352, 382, 389
  • Marked24, 118, 167, 234, 272, 275, 278, 281–282, 286, 291–292, 297, 351–354
  • Markedness 3–4, 7, 13, 81, 89, 100, 102–103, 107–108, 118–119, 281, 291, 345–346, 351, 353, 396, 403
  • Marker of progression6, 271
  • Markers of focalization6, 271–272, 276
  • Marking inversion 81–84, 102
  • Meaningsee also1, 4, 38–39, 42, 48–50, 60, 83–84, 86–87, 93, 98–101, 125–131, 134–137, 140–143, 147, 151–153, 156, 159–161, 163–164, 166, 194, 201–202, 207, 209, 211–213, 217, 221–223, 227, 236–238, 243, 248, 257, 261, 266–267, 277, 279, 282–283, 289, 292, 303–305, 346, 349–350, 365, 385, 399, 401–402, 405
  • Medium40, 42–44, 52
  • Memory 36–43, 45, 47
  • Menominee84
  • Merger96, 109, 118, 269, 363, 397
  • Message 36–37, 42–45, 51–52, 56–59, 62, 68, 70, 278, 289, 345
  • Metalingual 43–44, 52, 56, 59
  • Metalinguistic52
  • Metaphor16, 78, 125
  • Metaphorical50, 126, 128, 135, 141–143, 145, 386, 391
  • Metaphorical compositionality126, 141–142
  • Metaphorical extension128, 135, 141, 386
  • Metaphoricity140, 142
  • Metatony367
  • Methodeutics43, 45–46, 51, 63, 71, 73
  • Middle Danish4, 125–126, 136–139, 145, 163–164
  • Middle Danish (late)126, 135, 137, 141–142
  • Middle Low German126
  • Mind 37–41, 47–48, 55, 58, 71, 116
  • Mobility Law 371–373, 379
  • Modality9, 65, 68, 206–207, 220, 395–396, 405–407
  • Modern Danish4, 125–126, 135–137, 139–140, 145, 155, 172
  • Modification241, 243, 262, 395, 407
  • Morpheme6, 81–82, 89, 128, 131, 133, 135, 153–154, 240, 243, 246–249, 295–297, 312, 315
  • Morphological change9, 13, 19, 21, 81, 96, 101, 175, 194
  • Morphological inversion84
  • Morphological naturalness87, 97
  • Morphological paradigm353
  • Morphological reversal 81–83, 87, 89, 91, 96–97, 100, 102
  • Morphological zero296
  • Morphologization194, 196–197
  • Morphology 2–4, 81–83, 86–87, 93–94, 96–98, 100, 125–130, 132–134, 145–147, 151–155, 166, 174–175, 202, 234, 240, 247, 249, 268, 315, 328, 340, 346–347, 365–366
  • Morphome4, 125–129, 146
  • Morphosyntax86, 127, 151–152, 159–160, 164, 194, 295
  • Multi-headed predicates206
  • Mutual dependency274

N

  • Natural Language Processing383, 392
  • Near-systematic ambiguous analysis185
  • Near-systematic structural ambiguity190
  • Negation131, 142, 161, 163, 165, 247–248, 341
  • Nehan87, 90, 94
  • Neogrammarian sound change27
  • Neutralization315, 322, 348, 350–352
  • New Bulgarian341
  • Nexus construction274, 276, 283, 286, 291–292
  • Ngaanyatjarra 297–298
  • Ngayarda languages299
  • Non-canonical351
  • Non-deictic content292
  • Non-isomorphism 132–133, 145–147
  • North Germanic 312–315, 318, 320–322
  • North Russian 317–318, 320–321
  • North Saami8, 381, 389–391
  • Norwegian 88–90, 94, 138–139, 313, 315, 318, 382, 390

O

  • Occam’s razor131, 364
  • Ojibwe84
  • Old Church Slavonic98, 259–260, 318
  • Old East Slavic9, 98–99, 258–260, 266
  • Old English126, 135, 141, 151–152, 164–165, 168–170, 172–173, 313
  • Old French3, 81, 83, 87, 94–97, 100–102, 169
  • Old Japanese5, 233–240, 250
  • Old Occitan95
  • Old Prussian316
  • Old Russian95, 98–99, 267
  • Old Scandinavian161, 164, 167–168, 172
  • Operationalization68

P

  • Palauan 115–116
  • Pama-Nyungan languages6, 295–296
  • Panchronic2, 35, 44, 56–57, 65, 70
  • Panyjima295, 298–300
  • Paradigm 3–4, 6–7, 81, 88–89, 91, 93–97, 100, 125, 127, 139–140, 143–144, 151, 156–157, 159–160, 163–166, 165, 167, 172, 174, 194, 220, 225, 247, 254, 271–277, 281, 284–285, 287–292, 298–299, 314–315, 318–319, 322, 330, 345, 347, 349–354, 368–371, 373–374, 389, 391
  • Paradigm of focalization285, 290–291
  • Paradigmatic8, 60, 82, 84, 86, 95, 101, 130, 143–147, 153, 156–157, 159, 163, 166, 172, 174, 234, 272–273, 276, 281, 288–289, 292, 340, 346, 349–351, 353, 359–360, 368, 374
  • Paradigmatic organization273
  • Paral93, 95, 98–100
  • Parallel innovation365
  • Partial autonomy 132–133
  • Partial reversal92, 94
  • Passive5, 93, 136, 139, 181–190, 193, 195–196, 202–203, 205, 207–212, 214–215, 217–220, 223–224, 226–228, 255, 295, 299–301, 319, 399, 404–405
  • Passive auxiliary202, 208, 210, 214, 218, 223, 226
  • Past tense4, 6, 125, 128, 137–139, 144, 253–254, 261–262, 283–284, 303, 399, 405–406
  • Pedersen’s Law 369–370
  • Peirce (Charles S. Peirce) 1–3, 13, 36, 39, 45, 51–52, 62, 64–65, 67, 71, 73, 152, 159
  • Perceptual enhancement 116–117
  • Perceptual saliency108
  • Perceptual similarity4, 107–108, 110, 112, 119
  • Perfect 5–6, 83, 128, 136–140, 153–154, 193–195, 197–198, 200, 202, 214, 228, 253–256, 258, 261–263, 266–268, 300–301, 397–399, 402–407
  • Perfective aspect55, 82, 85, 102, 109, 163–164, 195–196, 201, 212, 256
  • Periphrastic235, 258, 269, 302–303, 305–306, 406, 408
  • Perlocutionary60
  • Persistent structural ambiguity5, 181
  • Personal suffixes 195–196, 198
  • Pertinacity5, 205, 229
  • Phatic44, 46, 52, 56, 58, 383–384, 386
  • Phenotype52, 70–72
  • Phonetic15, 24–25, 27, 48–49, 56, 60, 107, 116, 118–119, 128, 131, 369, 374, 400
  • Phonological word328, 330–331, 333, 337, 339–340, 370–371
  • Phonology22, 24–25, 28, 50, 86, 111, 116, 126–127, 129, 194, 328, 333, 340, 364, 383, 387
  • Pitch332, 371
  • Pitjantjatjara 297–299
  • Plains Cree84
  • Pluperfect 197–198, 202, 228, 398, 406
  • Poietic35, 39, 44, 52, 56–59, 72–73
  • Polabian319
  • Polarity3, 81–82, 84–85, 87–90, 97, 208
  • Polish5, 97, 201, 235, 244, 254, 319, 381, 385–386
  • Polynesian 111–112, 114
  • Possessive5, 8, 84, 193, 195–196, 287, 315–316, 318–319, 382, 385, 389–391
  • Possessive clitics 195–196
  • Possessive construction5, 193, 195–196, 391
  • Possessive perfect 254–256
  • Possessive-to-Ergative shift195
  • Postverbal195, 215, 233, 235, 240–241, 244, 246–250
  • Practice3, 35–36, 42–46, 50–61, 63–64, 66, 68–70, 72–73
  • Pragmatics9, 60–61, 189, 383
  • Predicative participle 258–261, 264–265
  • Presentation (in Peirce’s philosophy)41, 43, 45, 47–49, 52
  • Presentation (in syntax)273, 276–281, 283–285, 287–289, 291–292, 335, 379
  • Presentative6, 271–272, 276–280, 282, 284–285, 287
  • Presentative construction 276–281, 283–284, 288–289, 291
  • Preterit(e)9, 195, 197, 201, 398
  • Preverbal60, 165, 215, 233, 235, 240–241, 244–250
  • Primary predicate 258–260, 262–265, 268
  • Priming111
  • Procedural 35–36, 40, 49, 53, 57–58, 62–63, 69, 73
  • Process40, 43, 50–51, 53, 55, 62, 64, 66–69, 72–73
  • Proclitic165, 342, 374
  • Progressive aspect200, 273–274
  • Prosody140, 359–360, 366, 371
  • Proto-language8, 312, 359–364, 368, 370, 373–374
  • Proto-Vasil’ev-Dolobko’s Law 369–370
  • Pskov dialect6, 253, 257
  • Pulo Annan 114–116

Q

  • Quasi-auxiliary207
  • Quasi-reversal83, 85, 88, 92–96, 98, 102

R

  • Reanalysis 1–2, 4–6, 28, 81, 100, 111, 181–182, 186–189, 193–194, 202, 205, 207, 224, 227, 241, 253–254, 260–266, 268–269, 271, 273–274, 276, 278–279, 287, 289–293, 295–302, 305–307, 382, 396, 398
  • Recategorization193
  • Referential40, 56, 59, 317, 395, 402
  • Reflexive pronouns169
  • Regrammation2, 6, 194, 220, 226, 271–273, 276, 279–280, 283, 288–290, 312, 398
  • Reinterpretation6, 101, 132, 181, 226, 233, 235, 242–249, 263, 391
  • Relative construction 273–274, 284, 289, 293
  • Relics301
  • Remedial innovation9
  • Remorphologization195
  • Resultative markers225
  • Resultativity 212–213, 215, 218, 221, 223, 225–226
  • Romanian (Rumanian)95, 317
  • Rotuman 108–109, 111–114, 119
  • RumanianSee see Romanian
  • Russian 8–10, 21, 31, 83, 95, 97–99, 104–105, 174, 177, 194, 198, 201, 203, 229, 253–256, 258–259, 261–262, 267, 269, 317–321, 347–350, 353, 368, 371, 381–388, 391–392, 398, 408
  • Russian dialects253, 256, 259, 317, 320

S

  • Saussure-Pedersen’s Law 369–370
  • Saussure’s Law 366–367
  • Secondary predicate 258–263, 268
  • Semantic coding273
  • Semantic complexity281
  • Semantic frame157, 275, 281, 290–291
  • Semantic motivation 140–141, 145
  • Semiosis37, 39–43, 46–52, 56–57, 59, 61, 69
  • Sentence frame158
  • Serbo-Croat 319–320
  • Serial verb 205–206, 208, 229–230, 235
  • Serial verb construction208, 230
  • Shared innovation 359–360, 364–366, 369–370, 373–374
  • Sign3, 42–43, 45–46, 48–52, 60, 64, 70, 73, 126, 128–134, 140, 144, 146–147, 152–155, 159, 163, 166–167, 273, 275, 398
  • Sign relations130, 153–154
  • Simplification136, 194, 254, 261, 390
  • Slave109, 111–112
  • Slavic2, 5–9, 15, 30, 83, 92–93, 97–100, 193–194, 198, 201, 253–256, 258–260, 266, 268, 311, 317–322, 327–328, 339–343, 345–346, 348–349, 352, 354, 359–364, 366–374, 382, 385, 392, 396–399, 403, 405–407, 409
  • Slavic problem8, 359–360, 362–364, 366–367
  • Slavonian dialects of Štokavian371
  • Slovak97, 198, 253, 319, 382
  • Slovene 8–9, 92–94, 97–98, 317, 319–320, 395–396, 398–399, 403–407
  • Social factors 15–19, 26, 28–29
  • Social world 37–42, 44, 48–50, 52–55, 58–60, 63, 71–72
  • Somali82, 104–105
  • Sorbian3, 9, 81, 83, 92–95, 98–100, 253, 319
  • Sound change 3–4, 17, 23–24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 107–120, 239
  • Sound law367, 371–372
  • South Slavic198, 317–318, 321, 343, 355
  • SOV order152, 168
  • Spanish81, 85, 115–117, 143–144, 347–348, 350, 353
  • Speaker preferred different accounts
  • Speech rhythm336
  • Stammbaum model364
  • Strengthening107, 194, 404
  • Structural ambiguity 4–5, 181, 190, 273
  • Structural analogy111, 374
  • Structural complexity281
  • Subject (grammatical)84, 88, 95, 132, 154, 161–162, 164–168, 170–172, 183, 187, 195–196, 209, 212, 216, 220, 222, 234, 241–242, 256, 260–261, 277, 280–281, 286–288, 291, 300–303, 305–306, 360
  • Subject (in Peirce’s philosophy)37, 39, 41–44, 47–50, 57–58, 60, 62
  • Subordinate161, 218, 237, 241–243, 265, 272–274, 283, 286–288, 302, 305–306
  • Subordinate relative clause 273–274, 283, 286–287
  • Subordination 260–261, 264, 284, 288, 291–292
  • Swedish 138–139, 313, 318, 390
  • Swiss Romance varieties95
  • Symbol58, 71, 155, 331
  • Symbolic1, 4, 39, 42, 49, 60, 65, 134, 143–144, 151–156, 158, 160–161, 163–164, 167–168, 174
  • Symbolic meaning1, 151, 156, 161, 164
  • Symbolic signs152, 160
  • Synchronic 2–3, 7, 35, 44, 56–57, 59, 61, 65, 70, 81, 83, 126, 139–140, 211, 246, 256, 272–273, 281, 290, 295, 314, 327–328, 332, 340, 347–348, 352
  • Synchronic paradigmatic analysis272
  • Syncretism82, 86, 102–103, 347
  • Syntagmatic context143, 274–275, 290
  • System 1–3, 6–8, 13–17, 21, 24, 26, 28–29, 42, 45–46, 58–59, 63, 65, 67, 69, 88–89, 92, 95, 97, 100–102, 119, 125–126, 129–133, 137, 147, 152, 155–157, 160–161, 163–164, 173–174, 193–195, 199, 202–203, 235, 243, 259, 295, 297, 299–300, 305–306, 315, 322, 325, 327–328, 340, 363, 367–369, 372, 374, 395, 397, 401–402, 404, 406–407
  • Systematic ambiguity182, 188

T

  • Takale dialect85, 102
  • TAM markers207, 210–211, 225
  • Teleological53
  • Tense 4–6, 9–10, 85–88, 125, 127–128, 134, 137–139, 144, 154, 193–195, 199, 201, 206–208, 220, 226–228, 234, 253–254, 257–258, 261–262, 266–267, 269, 271, 274, 276, 280–284, 286–287, 291–292, 300, 303–305, 307, 334, 348–350, 395–397, 399, 402, 404–407
  • Teop 90–91, 94
  • Text frequency281
  • Tocharian 98–99
  • Topological132, 143, 152, 157–158, 160–161, 164, 167–169, 174–175
  • Topological diagrams152, 157, 174
  • Topological integrity152, 169
  • Topological zero164
  • Topology152, 159–161, 166, 168–171, 173
  • Toten dialect (of Norwegian)89
  • Tradition3, 35–37, 42–46, 50–58, 60, 62–63, 65, 67–73
  • Transcategorial derivation381, 383
  • Transference 395–396, 399, 407
  • Triadic37, 39–41, 47, 50, 54, 56–57
  • Trial and error62, 66
  • Tromsø dialect90
  • Trubar’s Catechismus395, 403
  • Tübatulabal87
  • Turkish30, 84, 347
  • Typology 3–4, 7–9, 21, 81, 83, 88, 92, 94, 99, 101, 107, 110, 114–115, 119, 151–152, 196, 296, 345, 351, 353, 395–396, 407

U

  • Ukrainian14, 256, 317, 319
  • Unaccented word-forms368, 374
  • Univerbation165, 196
  • Universals of Language56, 65–66
  • Unmarked89, 100, 118, 158, 201, 217, 272, 275, 281, 291–292, 312, 321, 351–353
  • Upper Sorbian3, 9, 81, 83, 92–95, 98

V

  • V2 order152, 168
  • Valence104, 154, 348, 352
  • Valency152, 157, 159, 170, 368
  • Vector 207–208
  • Vedic5, 181–183, 185–190, 368, 397
  • Veneto (dialect of Italian) 108–109, 111
  • Verb second161, 164–67, 169–170, 172, 174
  • Verbal participle213, 226
  • Verbalizer213, 224–226
  • Vocative8, 10, 315, 381–389
  • Voice5, 182, 185, 188–189, 205–207, 212, 214, 219–220
  • Voici 6, 271–272, 274, 277, 279, 282, 285–287, 289, 291–292
  • Voilà 6, 271–272, 274, 277, 279, 285–289, 291–292
  • Voir 6, 271–275, 277, 279
  • Vowel length332
  • Vowel reduction332, 387, 392

W

  • Wackernagel pronominal clitics196
  • Warlpiri298, 305
  • West Germanic314, 320–322
  • Winter’s Law367
  • Word order2, 4–5, 143, 151–152, 154–155, 157–158, 160–161, 163–164, 168–169, 173–174, 216, 233, 235, 240, 275

Y

  • Yallop 302–303
  • Yidiny306
  • Ž
  • Žemaitian dialects 371–372

Z

  • Zero89, 96, 100, 102, 144, 154, 164–167, 172–174, 198, 296–297, 301, 303, 384, 388
  • Zyrian 83–84
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