Article published In: On the Interaction of Constructions with Register and Genre
Edited by Kerstin Fischer and Kiki Nikiforidou
[Constructions and Frames 7:2] 2015
► pp. 348–379
Frames for clause combining
Schematicity and formulaicity in discourse patterns
Published online: 24 March 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/cf.7.2.07nir
https://doi.org/10.1075/cf.7.2.07nir
The present study joins recent endeavors within Construction Grammar to recognize constructions that are beyond clauses and sentences and function as schematic frames for the organization of discourse. Specifically, it deals with two particular instances of what is termed a discourse pattern, the conventionalized combination of genre and text-type: a personal experience narrative and an expository discussion of a personal opinion on an abstract topic. The paper discusses findings from various studies that characterize usage of lexical and clause-level constructions in the course of producing texts based on the two discourse patterns, and contrasts these findings with quantitative and qualitative analyses of clause combining in the same texts. The study relies on a corpus of 40 texts collected from Hebrew speaker-writers, who each produced a narrative and an expository text following a semi-structured elicitation controlling for the components of field, tenor, and mode. The distributional and functional findings of the study suggest that discourse patterns, like other constructions, occupy a cline of idiomacity/schematicity. In its conclusion, the study considers the tangential and intersecting points between Construction Grammar, on the one hand, and discourse analysis, on the other.
References (128)
Achard, M. (1998). Representation of cognitive structures: Syntax and semantics of French sentential complements. [Cognitive Linguistics Research Series 11]. Berlin/Boston: Mouton de Gruyter.
Antonopoulou, E., & Nikiforidou, K. (2011). Construction grammar and conventional discourse: A construction-based approach to discoursal incongruity. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(10), 2594–2609.
Askehave, I., & Swales, J.M. (2001). Genre identification and communicative purpose: A problem and a possible solution. Applied Linguistics, 221, 195–212.
Auer, P., & Pfänder, S. (Eds.). (2011) Constructions. Emerging and emergent. Berlin/Boston: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bakhtin, M. (1986). The problem of speech genres. In C. Emerson & M. Holquist (Eds.), Speech genres and other late essays (Transl. V. McGee) (pp. 60–102). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Bar-Ilan, L., & Berman, R.A. (2007). Developing register differentiation: The Latinate-Germanic divide in English. Linguistics, 45(1), 1–35.
Bauman, R., & Scherzer, J. (1989). Preface and introduction. In R. Bauman & J. Sherzer (Eds.), Explorations in the ethnography of speaking (pp. 6–12). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bergs, A., & Diewald, G. (Eds.). (2009) Contexts and constructions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Berkenkotter, C., & Huckin, T.N. (1993). Rethinking genre from a sociocognitive perspective. Written communication, 10(4), 475–509.
. (1997). Narrative theory and narrative development: The Labovian impact. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 71, 235–244.
. (2005). Introduction: Developing discourse stance in different text types and languages. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(2), 105–124.
. (2008). The psycholinguistics of developing text construction. Journal of Child Language, 35(4), 735–771.
Berman, R.A., & Nir-Sagiv, B. (2004). Linguistic indicators of inter-genre differentiation in later language development. Journal of Child Language, 311, 339–380
. (2007). Comparing narrative and expository text construction across adolescence: A developmental paradox. Discourse Processes, 431, 79–120.
Berman, R.A., & Nir, B. (2010). The language of expository discourse across adolescence. In M.A. Nippold & C.M. Scott (Eds.), Expository discourse in children, adolescents, and adults: Development and disorders (pp. 99–122). New York: Taylor & Francis.
Berman, R.A., & Slobin, D.I. (1994). Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Berman, R.A., & Verhoeven, L. (2002). Crosslinguistic perspectives on developing text production abilities in speech and writing. Written Language and Literacy, 51, 1–44.
. (1992). The multi-dimensional approach to linguistic analyses of genre variation: An overview of methodology and findings. Computers and the Humanities, 26(5-6), 331–345.
Biber, D., & Finegan, E. (1989). Drift and the evolution of English style: A history of three genres. Language, 65(3), 487–517.
Boas, H.C. (2008). Determining the structure of lexical entries and grammatical constructions in construction grammar. Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 6(1), 113–144.
Britton, B.K. (1994). Understanding expository text: Building mental structure to induce insights. In M.A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 641–674). NY: Academic Press.
Chandler, D. (1997). An introduction to genre theory. Media and Communication Studies: [URL].
Clark, M., Ruthven, I., & Holt, P.O.B. (2010). Perceiving and using genre by form–an eye-tracking study. Libri, 60(3), 268–280.
Dasinger, L., & Toupin, C. (1994). The development of relative clause functions in narrative. In R.A. Berman & D.I. Slobin (Eds.), Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study (pp. 457–414). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Diessel, H. (2008). Iconicity of sequence: A corpus-based analysis of the positioning of temporal adverbial clauses in English. Cognitive Linguistics, 19(3), 465–490.
Downing, A. (1996). Register and/or genre? In I. Vázquez & A. Hornero (Eds.), Current issues in genre theory (pp. 11–27). Zaragoza: Mira MIRA editores.
. (2003). Discourse and grammar. In M. Tomasello (Ed.), The new psychology of language (pp. 43–87). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Duffield, C.J., & Michaelis, L.A. (2011). Why subject relatives prevail: Constraints versus constructional licensing. Language and Cognition, 3(2), 171–208.
Eggins, S., & Martin, J.R. (1997). Genres and registers of discourse. In T.A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse as structure and process (pp. 230–256). London: Sage.
Ervin-Tripp, S. (1972). On sociolinguistic rules: Alternation and co-occurrence. In J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics (pp. 213–250). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Fillmore, C.J. (1977). Scenes-and-frames semantics. In A. Zampolli (Ed.), Linguistic structures processing (pp. 55–79). Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing.
. (1982). Frame Semantics. Linguistic society of Korea (Ed.), Linguistics in the morning calm (pp. 111–137). Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Co.
Fischer, K. (2010). Beyond the sentence: Constructions, frames and spoken interaction. Constructions and Frames, 2(2), 185–207.
Fludernik, M. (2000). Genres, text types, or discourse modes: Narrative modalities and generic categorization. Style, 34(2), 274–292.
Fox, B.A., & Thompson, S.A. (1990). A discourse explanation of the grammar of relative clauses in English conversation. Language, 66(2), 297–316.
Fried, M., & Nikiforidou, K. (Eds.). (2013). Advances in frame semantics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Georgakopoulou, A., & Goutsos, D. (2000a). Mapping the world of discourse. The narrative vs. non-narrative distinction. Semiotica, 131(1/2), 113–141
. (2000b). Revisiting discourse boundaries. The narrative and non-narrative modes. Text, 20(1), 63–82.
Givón, T. (1980). The binding hierarchy and the typology of complements. Studies in Language, 4(3), 333–337.
. (1985). Iconicity, isomorphism and non-arbitrary coding in syntax. In J. Haiman (Ed.), Iconicity in syntax (pp. 187–219). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. (1990). Syntax: A functional typological introduction, Vol. 21. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. (2009). The genesis of syntactic complexity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Goldberg, A. (1995). Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Günthner, S. (2010). Grammatical constructions and communicative genres. In H. Dorgeloh & A. Wanner (Eds.), Syntactic variation and genre (pp. 195–217). Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter.
Günthner, S., & Knoblauch, H. (1995). Culturally patterned speaking practices. The analysis of communicative genres. Pragmatics, 5(1), 1–32.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Arnold.
. (1989). Register variation. In M.A.K. Halliday & R. Hasan (Eds.), Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective (pp. 29–41). New York: Oxford University Press.
Halmari, H., & Östman, J.–O. (2001). The soft–spoken, angelic pickax killer: The notion of discourse pattern in controversial news reporting. Journal of Pragmatics, 331, 805–823.
Hasan, R. (1989). The structure of a text. In M.A.K. Halliday & R. Hasan (Eds.), Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective (pp. 52–69). New York: Oxford University Press.
. (2010). The meaning of ‘not’ is not in ‘not’. In A. Mahboob & N.K. Knight (Eds.), Appliable linguistics (pp. 267–298). A&C Black.
Herman, D. (2008). Description, narrative, and explanation: Text-type categories and the cognitive foundations of discourse competence. Poetics Today, 29(3), 437–472.
Imo, W. (2010). Mein Problem ist/mein Thema ist (‘My problem is/my topic is’): How syntactic patterns and genres interact. In H. Dorgeloh & A. Wanner (Eds.), Syntactic variation and genre (pp. 141–166). Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter.
Jisa, H., & Viguié, A. (2005). A developmental perspective on the role of ‘on’ in written and spoken expository texts in French. Journal of Pragmatics, 371, 125–142.
Jisa, H., Reilly, J., Verhoeven, L., Baruch, E., & Rosado, E. (2002). Passive voice constructions in written texts. Written Languages and Literacy, 51, 163–182
Kabatek, J., Obrist, P., & Vincis, V. (2010). Clause-linkage techniques as a symptom of discourse traditions: Methodological issues and evidence from Romance languages. In H. Dorgeloh & A. Wanner (Eds.), Syntactic variation and genre (pp. 247–275). Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter.
Katzenberger, I. (2005). The super-structure of written expository texts – A developmental perspective. In D. Ravid & H. Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot (Eds.), Perspectives on language and language development: Essays in honor of Ruth A. Berman (pp. 327–336). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Kerz, E., & Haas, F. (2009). The aim is to analyze NP. In R. Corrigan, E.A. Moravcsik, H. Ouali, & K. Wheatley (Eds.), Formulaic language: Distribution and historical change (pp. 97–116). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kuiper, K., & Haggo, D. (1984). Livestock auctions, oral poetry, and ordinary language. Language in society, 13(2), 205–234.
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
. (1997). Some further steps in narrative history. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 71, 394–415.
. (2011). Oral narratives of personal experience. In P.C. Hogan (Ed.), The Cambridge encyclopedia of the language sciences. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Lambrecht, K. (1994). Information structure and sentence form: A theory of topic, focus and the mental representations of discourse referents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leino, J., & Östman, J.-O. (2005). Constructions and variability. In M. Fried & H. Boas (Eds.), Grammatical constructions. Back to the roots (pp. 191–213). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lewin, B.A., Fine, J., & Young, L. (2001). Expository discourse: A genre-based approach to social science research texts. New York: Continuum.
Longacre, R.E. (1996). The grammar of discourse, 2nd edition. [Topics in Language and Linguistics]. New York: Plenum.
. (2004). Holistic textlinguistics. In C.L. Moder & A. Martinovic-Zic (Eds.), Discourse across languages and cultures (pp. 13–36). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
MacWhinney, B. (2000). The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk. 3rd edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Malvern, D.D., Richards, B.J., Chipere, N., & Durán, P. (2004). Lexical diversity and language development: Quantification and assessment. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mandler, J.M., & Johnson, N. (1977). Remembrance of things parsed: Story structure and recall. Cognitive Psychology, 91, 111–151.
Martin, J.R. (2012). Grammar meets genre: Reflections on the ‘Sydney School’. Arts: The Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association, 221, 48–95.
Miller, P.J., Hengst, J., Alexander, K., & Sperry, L.L. (2000). Versions of personal storytelling/versions of experience. In K.S. Rosengren, C.N. Johnson, & P.L. Harris (Eds.), Imagining the impossible: Magical, scientific, and religious thinking in children (pp. 212–246). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moessner, L. (2001) Genre, text type, style, register: A terminological maze? European Journal of English Studies, 5(2), 131–138.
Nicolopoulou, A. (1997). Children and narratives: Toward an interpretive and sociocultural approach. In M. Bamberg (Ed.), Narrative development: Six approaches (pp. 179–216). Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Nikiforidou, K. (2009). Constructional analysis. In F. Brisard, J.-O. Östman, & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Grammar, meaning and pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights 5] (pp. 16–32). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Nir, B. (2008).
Clause packages as constructions in developing narrative discourse
. PhD Dissertation, Tel Aviv University.
. (2014). Clause combining across grammars: A contrastive analysis of L1 and L2 construal of discourse organization. Constructions and Frames, 6(2), 232–265.
Nir, B., & Berman, R.A. (2010). Complex syntax as a window on contrastive rhetoric. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(3), 744–765.
Nir, B., & Katzenberger, I. (2016). Categories of referential content in expository discussions of conflict. In J. Perera, M. Aparici, E. Rosado, & N. Salas (Eds.), Written and spoken language development across the lifespan: Essays in honour of Liliana Tolchinsky (pp. 271–285). Springer International Publishing.
Östman, J.-O. (1999). Coherence through understanding through discourse patterns: Focus on news reports. In W. Bublitz, U. Lenk, & E. Ventola (Eds.), Coherence in spoken and written discourse (pp. 77–100). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Östman, J-O. (2005). Construction discourse: A prolegomenon. In J.-O. Östman & M. Fried (Eds.), Construction grammars. Cognitive grounding and theoretical extensions (pp. 121–144). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. (1997). Genre, frames and writing in research setting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ragnarsdóttir, H., Cahana-Amitay, D., van Hell, J., Rosado, E., & Viguié, A. (2002). Verbal structure and content in written discourse: narrative and expository texts. Written Languages and Literacy, 51, 95–124.
Ravid, D. (2004). Emergence of linguistic complexity in written expository texts: Evidence from later language acquisition. In D. Ravid & H.B.Z. Shyldkrot (Eds.), Perspectives on language and language development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman (pp. 337–355). Boston: Springer.
. (2006). Semantic development in textual contexts during the school years: Noun Scale analyses. Journal of Child Language, 33(4), 791–821.
Ravid, D., & Berman, R.A. (2009). Developing linguistic register across text types: The case of modern Hebrew. Pragmatics & Cognition, 17(1), 108–145.
. (2010). Developing noun phrase complexity at school age: A text-embedded cross-linguistic analysis. First Language, 30(1), 3–26.
Ravid, D., van Hell, J., Rosado, E., & Zamora, A. (2002). Subject NP patterning in the development of written and spoken text production. Written Language and Literacy, 51, 68–95.
Reilly, J.S., Jisa, H., Baruch, E., & Berman, R.A. (2002). Propositional attitudes: Development of modal expression. Written Language and Literacy, 5(2), 183–218.
Reilly, J.S., Zamora, A., & McGivern, R.F. (2005). Acquiring perspective in English: Use of pronouns, modals, and passives in two genres. Journal of Pragmatics, 371, 185–208.
Renkema, J. (2004). Introduction to discourse studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Rosado, E., Salas, N., Aparici, M., & Tolchinsky, L. (2014). Production and judgment of linguistic devices for attaining a detached stance in Spanish and Catalan. Journal of Pragmatics, 601, 36–53.
Ross, H. (2009). The art of fusion. In P. Kiparsky, K. Hanson, & S. Inkelas (Eds.), The nature of the word: Studies in honor of Paul Kiparsky (pp. 677–696). The MIT Press.
Schleppegrell, M.J. (2004). The language of schooling: A functional linguistics perspective. Routledge.
Smith, C.S. (2003). Modes of discourse: The local structure of texts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steen, G. (1999). Genres of discourse and the definition of literature. Discourse Processes, 281, 109–120.
Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tolchinsky, L., Johansson, V., & Zamora, A. (2002). Text openings and closings in writing and speech: Autonomy and differentiation. Written Language & Literacy, 5(2), 219–252.
Tolchinsky, L., & Rosado, E. (2005). The effect of literacy, text type, and modality on the use of grammatical means for agency alternation in Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(2), 209–237.
Trosborg, A. (1997). Text typology: Register, genre and text type. In A. Trosborg (Ed.), Text typology and translation (pp. 3–24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. (1985). Structures of news in the press. In T.A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse and communication (pp. 69–93). Berlin/Boston: Mouton de Gruyter.
Van Valin, R.D., & LaPolla, R. (1997). Syntax: Structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Verhagen, A. (2001). Subordination and discourse segmentation revisited, or: Why matrix clauses may be more dependent than complements. In T. Sanders, J. Schilperoord, & W. Spooren (Eds.), Text representation. Linguistic and psychological aspects (pp. 337–357). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Verhoeven, L., Aparici, M., Cahana-Amitay, D., Hell, J.V., Kriz, S., & Viguié-Simon, A. (2002). Clause packaging in writing and speech: A cross-linguistic developmental analysis. Written Language & Literacy, 5(2), 135–161.
Virtanen, T. (2003). Text structure. In J. Verschueren, J.-O. Östman, J. Blommaert, & C. Bulcaen (Eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics Online. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
. (2010). Variation across texts and discourses: Theoretical and methodological perspectives on text type and genre. In H. Dorgeloh & A. Wanner (Eds.), Syntactic variation and genre (pp. 53–84). Berlin/Boston: Mouton de Gruyter.
Virtanen, T., & Halmari, H. (2005). Persuasion across genres: Emerging perspectives. In H. Halmari & T. Virtanen (Eds.), Persuasion across genres: A linguistic approach (pp. 3–24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cited by (10)
Cited by ten other publications
Bergs, Alexander
Nir, Bracha & Efrat Sher-Censor
Cohen-Koka, Shirit, Bracha Nir & Irit Meir
Cohen-Koka, Shirit, Bracha Nir & Irit Meir
2023. Variation of sign parameters in narrative and expository discourse. Sign Language & Linguistics 26:2 ► pp. 218 ff.
Berman, Ruth A.
2020. Genitive (smixut) constructions in Modern Hebrew. In Usage-Based Studies in Modern Hebrew [Studies in Language Companion Series, 210], ► pp. 507 ff.
Berman, Ruth A.
Nir, Bracha
2020. A usage-based typology of Modern Hebrew syntax. In Usage-Based Studies in Modern Hebrew [Studies in Language Companion Series, 210], ► pp. 659 ff.
Wasserscheidt, Philipp
Nikiforidou, Kiki
Vergaro, Carla
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
