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In:Give Constructions across Languages
Edited by Myriam Bouveret
[Constructional Approaches to Language 29] 2021
► pp. 175–193

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Chapter 7
The semantics of the verb give in Tibetan

The development of the transfer construction and the honorific domain

 | University of Montpellier 3, EMMA EA 741
 | Aix-Marseille University | Lacito UMR 7107 | IUF
Published online: 10 March 2021
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.29.07eri
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the behaviour of the equivalents of ‘give’ in Lhasa Tibetan in order to confirm, qualify or invalidate the universal tendencies that previous cross-linguistic research has unveiled (Newman 1996, Ed., 1997). We will first explore the semantic relations between the various forms that can express ‘give’ in Tibetan: SPRAD, BTANG, GNANG and PHUL, on the basis of previous lexicographic and descriptive research on Lhasa Tibetan, as well as a corpus of spoken Lhasa Tibetan (TSC). We will see that the most basic term (SPRAD) has not developed much beyond its literal meaning, whereas the hypernymic BTANG is used as a light verb whose constructions can be divided into several categories of meaning. GNANG is the honorific form of SPRAD, and PHUL is its humilific form. While SPRAD is not used as a light verb, its honorific and humilific counterparts are very productive light verbs. To explain this phenomenon, we will explore the honorific domain, and its systematisation in Lhasa Tibetan (Hajime, 1975; Rdorje et al., 1993; DeLancey, 1998; Tournadre & Sangda Dorje, 1998; Dorje & Lhazom, 2002). We will see that the humilific plane is not the symmetrical opposite of the honorific plane. We will also explore the productivity of GNANG and PHUL, which can be explained by the fact that giving is one of the most basic interpersonal actions of the human behavioural repertoire. It therefore establishes a link between two humans, which is essential in order for the honorific and humilific notions to emerge.
Article outline
  • 1.The polyfunctionality of give
  • 2.The various lexical items corresponding to give in Tibetan
    • 2.1 The polysemy of give
    • 2.2‘Tibetan’ and the tibetic language family
    • 2.3 Give in Old and Classical Tibetan
    • 2.4 Give in standard spoken Tibetan
    • 2.5 Give as a light verb
  • 3.The distribution of sprad , gnang and phul in standard spoken Tibetan
    • 3.1The Tibetan verb sprad
    • 3.2The Tibetan verb gnang
    • 3.3The Tibetan verb phul
  • 4.Give and the honorific domain
    • 4.1The honorific domain in Tibetan
    • 4.2The functioning of give in the Tibetan honorific system
    • 4.3The emergence of gnang and phul as light verbs of the honorific domain
  • 5.Conclusion
  • List of abbreviations
  • Notes
  • References
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