In most subtitling countries, those lines at the bottom of the screen are the most read medium of all, for which reason they deserve all the academic attention they can get. This monograph represents a large-scale attempt to provide such attention, by exploring the norms of subtitling for television. It does so by empirically investigating a large corpus of television subtitles from Scandinavia, one of the bastions of subtitling, along with other European data.
The aim of the book is twofold: first, to provide an advanced and comprehensive model for investigating translation problems in the form of Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs). Second, to empirically explore current European television subtitling norms, and to look into future developments in this area.
This book will be of interest to anyone interested in gaining access to state-of-the-art tools for translation analysis, or in learning more about the norms of subtitling, based on empirically reliable and current material.
“Subtitling Norms for Television is a comprehensive and carefully researched academic study that will soon occupy the bookshelves of translation studies scholars, researchers in AVT and AVT practitioners alike. It takes the time to introduce and contextualise subtitling within AVT, but then moves on into the very specialized area of subtitling norms and extralinguistic cultural references (ECR’s), by the way of descriptive translation studies, drawing on a vast corpus of original material and a sound theoretical framework. Indeed, the book places subtitling, and AVT more generally, squarely within descriptive translation studies, demonstrating the relevance of its concepts and methodology for AVT, but also the relevance of technology-driven AVT for Translation Studies. In addition, Jan Pedersen’s meticulous analysis of subtitling strategies and the parameters that influence them is prime teaching material, and of great interest to practitioners in search of translation solutions. Finally, and equally importantly, the book raises new questions and is written in an engaging and accessible style that I truly hope will inspire many.”
Aline Remael, Hogeschool Antwerpen
“Jan Pedersen's stimulating book is based on solid, large-scale empirical research as well as his personal experience of working as a subtitler. This combination of factors makes the book a particularly welcome addition to subtitling studies. Subtitling Norms for Television is readable and well argued and avoids jargon. Whether you are a subtitler eager to compare notes with a colleague, a viewer curious about what goes on behind the scenes before the subtitles you need reach your living room, a student writing a thesis on some aspect of this very influential type of translation or an academic interested in subtitling norms and strategies, you will find this a very rewarding read.”
Ritva Leppihalme, University of Helsinki
“Once and again we read that audiovisual translation (AVT) has come of age, and Pedersen’s book is substantial proof of such a statement and a proud addition to our field. He deals with that challenging area of Extralinguistic Cultural References in a thorough, seriously witty and solidly researched manner. His proposed model for the analysis of ECRs is without a doubt one of the most promising breakthroughs we’ve seen in AVT in recent years, a seminal heuristic tool for researchers. Highly accessible in style, with a mine of information and excellent examples, this is essential reading for anyone interested in AVT.”
Jorge Díaz Cintas, Imperial College London
“In this fascinating study on subtitling, based on an impressive corpus of 50 feature films and 50 episodes of TV series, Jan Pedersen, himself an experienced subtitler-cum-scholar, analyzes the norms used in Sweden and Denmark, respectively, when dealing with what he calls Extralinguistic Cultural References, in short ‘ECRs’. [...] This well-written and long-needed book deserves to be enjoyed by all those who take an interest in what happens in the translation of the world’s perhaps most popular text type, TV fiction, from the world’s most dominant language, English, in what may be the world’s most subtitling-happy corner, Scandinavia.”
Henrik Gottlieb, University of Copenhagen
“Jan Pedersen’s research approach for his Subtitling Norms for Television: An Exploration Focussing on Extralinguistic Cultural References is going to find emulations in other language combinations.”
Federico M. Federici, in The Year’s Work in Critical and Cultural Theory, 21 (2013)
Cited by (156)
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2026. Subtitling Arabic Cultural References into English: The Case of Brando El Sharq. Corpus Pragmatics 10:1
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2020. The Name and Nature of Subtitling. In The Palgrave Handbook of Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility [Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting, ], ► pp. 149 ff.
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2026. Translation of Word- and Language-Play. Encyclopedia 6:2 ► pp. 47 ff.
马, 润芝
2026. A Study on Subtitle Translation of Health Science Popularization Videos under the Guidance of Text Typology Theory—A Case Study of a Xiaohongshu Account. Modern Linguistics 14:01 ► pp. 548 ff.
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2025. Idiomaticity in the English Subtitling of Jordanian Movies on Netflix: A Cultural Analysis. Open Cultural Studies 9:1
2025. Deepseek, ChatGPT, and Gemini versus human subtitling: a case study in socio-cultural adaptation in multimedia communication. Perspectives► pp. 1 ff.
2025. AN ATTEMPT OF LINGUAL AND EXTRALINGUAL CULTURAL REFERENCES CLASSIFICATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF ADULT ANIMATION. Studia Linguistica :26 ► pp. 133 ff.
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2025. Subtitling humour genres and translation strategies. The European Journal of Humour Research 13:3 ► pp. 248 ff.
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2025. Referentes culturais Galegos en Portugués. Os nomes propios de "A Praia dos Afogados" de Domingo Villar na versión Portuguesa e na autotradución Española. Diacrítica 39:2
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2025. Fatal flaws? Investigating the effects of machine translation errors on audience reception in the audiovisual context. Perspectives 33:5 ► pp. 913 ff.
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2025. Traducción audiovisual y tratamiento: usted en los subtítulos en sueco. Moderna Språk 119:2 ► pp. 103 ff.
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2025. TRANSLATION CHALLENGES IN SCREENWRITING: NETFLIX & YOUTUBE DIALOGUE TRANSLATION. International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling 10:61 ► pp. 799 ff.
Winnarong, Krissakorn
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2025. The impact of visual information and translation experience on subtitling effort: a pilot study. The Translator► pp. 1 ff.
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2024. Subtitling of Jordanian Culture-Specific Expressions in “The Alley” Movie. JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8:9 ► pp. 356 ff.
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2024. Translating Cultural References and Sensitive Elements Between Arabic and English: Netflix Subtitles as a Case Study. Sage Open 14:2
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2024. Driving and Embracing Change: Learning and Teaching Languages and Communication in Higher Education. JYU Studies► pp. 1 ff.
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2024. Reproduction of Multimodal Constructions with a National Component in Various Video Genres of Modern Political Discourse. Studia Philologica 2:23 ► pp. 115 ff.
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2024. Indirect (pivot) audiovisual translation: a burning issue for research and training. Perspectives 32:5 ► pp. 763 ff.
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2024. The Strategies of Subtitling the Saudi Films from Arabic into English: Masameer: The Movie – Case Study. Arab World English Journal :308 ► pp. 1 ff.
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2024. Subtitling the f-word into Arabic in Hollywood films: a corpus-based study. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11:1
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2023. The Rendering of Foul Language in Spanish-English Subtitling: The Case of El Vecino. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 28:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
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2023. Attention-consuming or attention-saving: an eye tracking study on punctuation in Chinese subtitling of English trailers. Multilingua 42:5 ► pp. 739 ff.
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2023. Paratraduire l’imaginaire : approche méthodologique du sous-titrage espagnol des films ocelotiens. Meta 67:3 ► pp. 592 ff.
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2023. Accessibility on Social Media. In Emerging Fields in Easy Language and Accessible Communication Research [Easy – Plain – Accessible, 14], ► pp. 79 ff.
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2023. O último barco de Domingo Villar en francés: problemas e técnicas de tradución. Revista Galega de Filoloxía 24
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2023. Exploring Stereotypes and Cultural References in Dubbed TV Comedies in the Spanish-as-a-Foreign-Language Classroom. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 28:2 ► pp. 1 ff.
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2022. Empowering minority students: a study of cultural references in the teaching content. Journal of Curriculum Studies 54:5 ► pp. 618 ff.
AKAT, Bülent & Tuba KÜMBÜL
2022. Extralinguistic cultural references (ECRs) rendered into subtitling: The case of the historical film series Diriliş: Ertuğrul. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi :30 ► pp. 1447 ff.
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2022. Cultural references in films: an audience reception study of subtitling into Arabic. The Translator 28:1 ► pp. 112 ff.
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2023. The Image of China as a Destination for Tourist: Translation Strategies of Culture-Specific Items in the Chinese-English Food Menus. Sage Open 13:3
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2022. Working conditions and collaborative practices in the translation of French film: subtitling banlieue cinema. Perspectives 30:3 ► pp. 399 ff.
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2022. Latest trends in audiovisual translation. Perspectives 30:3 ► pp. 369 ff.
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2022. The Challenges of Translating Cultural Embeddedness in Crime Fiction: A Picture from Croatia. Przekładaniec :Special issue 1/2022 ► pp. 93 ff.
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2021. A Relevance-Theoretic Approach to Decision-Making in Subtitling. Corpus Pragmatics 5:3 ► pp. 421 ff.
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2021. Translating Korean Beauty YouTube Channels for a Global Audience. In When Translation Goes Digital, ► pp. 173 ff.
Huang, Boyi
2021. Subtitlers’ Visibilities on a Spectrum in the Digital Age: A Comparison of Different Chinese Translations of The Big Bang Theory. In When Translation Goes Digital, ► pp. 45 ff.
2021. Quality is in the eye of the stakeholders: what do professional subtitlers and viewers think about subtitling?. Universal Access in the Information Society 20:4 ► pp. 661 ff.
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