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In:The Neurocognition of Translation and Interpreting
Adolfo M. García
[Benjamins Translation Library 147] 2019
► pp. v–viii

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Published online: 6 June 2019
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https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.147.toc

Table of contents

Acknowledgments ix
Foreword xi
Fabio Alves
Introduction: Translation, interpreting, and the brain behind it all 1
I.Stepping into the attic 1
II.Why should TIS be concerned with neurocognition? 3
III.Aims and target audience 5
IV.The contents, at a glance 5
V.Conceptual delimitations 7
Chapter 1.Mind and brain in the study of translation and interpreting 11
1.1Minding the brain, braining the mind 11
1.2Outside the head: Non-neural cognitive approaches 12
1.2.1Rationalizing translation: Insights from analytical linguistics 13
1.2.2See but don’t touch: The observational trend 15
1.2.3Take a look at yourself: Introducing TAPs 17
1.2.4From product to process: Corpus-based studies 18
1.2.5Quantifying performance 18
1.2.5.1Word by word: Psycholinguistic paradigms
1.2.5.2Type your mind away: Keylogging experiments
1.2.5.3Windows to the (translating) soul: Eye-tracking studies
1.2.5.4The non-verbal side of IR: Executive-function assessments
1.3Within the mind, without the brain: Appraising non-neural cognitive approaches 25
1.4Not black, not a box: Enter the brain 30
1.5Historicizing brain-based research on IR 34
1.5.1Milestones from the mid-twentieth century 36
1.5.2Milestones from the late twentieth century 37
1.5.3Milestones from the twenty-first century 38
1.6A role for neuroscience in contemporary TIS 39
Chapter 2.The toolkit 41
2.1Beyond MacGyver’s knife 41
2.2A matter of design 42
2.2.1Single-case designs 42
2.2.2Single-group designs 43
2.2.3Between-group designs 44
2.2.4Pre/post designs 45
2.3Mind games: A sampler of experimental paradigms 46
2.3.1Keeping it real 46
2.3.2Piece by piece 47
2.3.2.1Verbal paradigms
2.3.2.2Non-verbal paradigms
2.4The craft of manipulation 55
2.5Do it well, do it fast 58
2.6System breakdown 59
2.7The brain, in vivo 60
2.7.1Non-invasive techniques 61
2.7.1.1Functional neuroimaging
2.7.1.1.1fMRI
2.7.1.1.2Pet
2.7.1.2EEG methods
2.7.1.2.1ERPs
2.7.1.2.2Oscillatory activity
2.7.1.2.3Functional connectivity
2.7.2Invasive techniques 69
2.7.2.1Direct electrostimulation
2.7.2.2Intracranial recordings
2.8How (not) to interpret the data 71
2.9Final remarks 74
Chapter 3.Prolegomena to the translating and interpreting brain 75
3.1Laying the groundwork 75
3.2A primer on neurology 76
3.2.1The neocortex 77
3.2.2Some language-related subcortical structures 80
3.2.3Two key language-related networks 81
3.2.4Neurons and synapses 82
3.2.5Cognitive processing as neuronal teamwork 85
3.3The verbal brain 87
3.3.1Tell me where: The functional neuroanatomy of language 87
3.3.1.1A tale of two hemispheres
3.3.1.2Functions of frontostriatal networks and their connections
3.3.1.3Functions of temporo-parietal regions and their connections
3.3.2Electrified words: The neurophysiology of language 92
3.3.2.1ERP signatures
3.3.2.2Oscillatory signatures
3.3.2.3Functional connectivity signatures
3.4It takes two to tango: The prerequisite of bilingualism 94
3.4.1Linguistic mechanisms in the bilingual brain 94
3.4.2Executive mechanisms in the bilingual brain 95
3.5In a nutshell 97
Chapter 4.Building up from breakdown 99
4.1Lessons from lesions 99
4.2Disruptions of IR 101
4.2.1Compulsive translation 101
4.2.2Inability to translate 104
4.2.3Paradoxical translation behavior 112
4.2.4Translation without comprehension 114
4.3Charting the territory 115
4.3.1Taking sides 116
4.3.2A thing unto itself 117
4.3.3Coming and going 119
4.3.4Of words and concepts 120
4.3.5The unit determines the network 122
4.4Piecing it all together 123
4.4.1A neuroarchitectural model of translation routes 123
4.4.2A neural model of the systems subserving simultaneous interpreting 126
4.5Interpretive remarks 128
4.6From static maps to dynamic pictures 129
Chapter 5.The dynamics of directionality 131
5.1A sense of direction 131
5.2Multidimensional signatures of directionality 134
5.2.1Functional neuroimaging evidence 134
5.2.2Electrophysiological evidence 140
5.2.3Psycholinguistic evidence 146
5.3Back and forth 149
5.4In the right direction 152
Chapter 6.Process is as unit requires 153
6.1The process’s raw material 153
6.2Conceiving translation units 154
6.3Spatiotemporal correlates of lexical and sentential translation units 157
6.3.1Functional neuroimaging evidence 157
6.3.2Electrophysiological evidence 163
6.3.3Psycholinguistic evidence 168
6.4Uniting it all 171
6.5From unitary to unit-sensitive 176
Chapter 7.The interpreter’s brain 177
7.1The art of self-sculpting 177
7.2Simultaneous interpreting, or extreme bilingual processing 179
7.3En route to expertise 181
7.3.1So different, so fast 186
7.4Keep the change (and make it broader) 189
7.4.1Brains interpreting interpreting brains
7.5The plastic nature of IR systems 204
Chapter 8.A story in the making 205
8.1The tale of the attic 205
8.2Q&A 206
8.3The good… 209
8.4… and the bad 211
8.5Needs assessment 214
8.5.1More, better science 214
8.5.2An institutional architecture 217
8.6Parting words 218
About the author 221
List of figures and tables 223
List of acronyms and abbreviations 227
References 229
Index 263
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